• Lay the patient down and raise their legs gradually and slowly.
• Call for an ambulance.
• What to do if someone is having fainting symptoms

• Do a primary survey 
• Check if surrounding area is safe
• Check if patient is responding by shouting at them
• Phone for an ambulance
• Check breathing by tilting head backwards and look and feel for breaths (check if there are chest rises: adults 2 rises or child 4 rises or baby 6 rises per 10 seconds), if not:
• Do CPR
• Only stop CPR if one is tired, handing over to Medical healthcare professional upon their instruction or if there is sign of life

• Do a primary survey 
• Check if surrounding area is safe
• Check if patient is responding by shouting at them
• Phone for an ambulance.
• Support the head and neck and ask others or oneself to carefully Move (roll) the person on their side in to a recovery position (if a baby: recovery position)  and tilt their head back to protect their airway.
• Check breathing by tilting head backwards and look and feel for breaths.(check if there are chest rises: adults 2 rises or child 4 rises or baby 6 rises per 10 seconds)
• If stop breathing do CPR
• Only stop CPR if one is tired, handing over to Medical healthcare professional upon their instruction or if there is sign of life

• Lay the patient down and raise their legs gradually and slowly.
• Call for an ambulance.
• What to do if someone is having fainting symptoms

• Do a primary survey 
• Check if surrounding area is safe
• Check if patient is responding by shouting at them
• Phone for an ambulance
• Check breathing by tilting head backwards and look and feel for breaths (check if there are chest rises: adults 2 rises or child 4 rises or baby 6 rises per 10 seconds), if not:
• Do CPR
• Only stop CPR if one is tired, handing over to Medical healthcare professional upon their instruction or if there is sign of life

• Do a primary survey 
• Check if surrounding area is safe
• Check if patient is responding by shouting at them
• Phone for an ambulance.
• Support the head and neck and ask others or oneself to carefully Move (roll) the person on their side in to a recovery position (if a baby: recovery position)  and tilt their head back to protect their airway.
• Check breathing by tilting head backwards and look and feel for breaths.(check if there are chest rises: adults 2 rises or child 4 rises or baby 6 rises per 10 seconds)
• If stop breathing do CPR
• Only stop CPR if one is tired, handing over to Medical healthcare professional upon their instruction or if there is sign of life

• Lay the patient down and raise their legs gradually and slowly.
• Call for an ambulance.
• What to do if someone is having fainting symptoms

• Do a primary survey 
• Check if surrounding area is safe
• Check if patient is responding by shouting at them
• Phone for an ambulance
• Check breathing by tilting head backwards and look and feel for breaths (check if there are chest rises: adults 2 rises or child 4 rises or baby 6 rises per 10 seconds), if not:
• Do CPR
• Only stop CPR if one is tired, handing over to Medical healthcare professional upon their instruction or if there is sign of life

• Do a primary survey 
• Check if surrounding area is safe
• Check if patient is responding by shouting at them
• Phone for an ambulance.
• Support the head and neck and ask others or oneself to carefully Move (roll) the person on their side in to a recovery position (if a baby: recovery position)  and tilt their head back to protect their airway.
• Check breathing by tilting head backwards and look and feel for breaths.(check if there are chest rises: adults 2 rises or child 4 rises or baby 6 rises per 10 seconds)
• If stop breathing do CPR
• Only stop CPR if one is tired, handing over to Medical healthcare professional upon their instruction or if there is sign of life

• Lay the patient down and raise their legs gradually and slowly.
• Call for an ambulance.
• What to do if someone is having fainting symptoms

• Do a primary survey 
• Check if surrounding area is safe
• Check if patient is responding by shouting at them
• Phone for an ambulance
• Check breathing by tilting head backwards and look and feel for breaths (check if there are chest rises: adults 2 rises or child 4 rises or baby 6 rises per 10 seconds), if not:
• Do CPR
• Only stop CPR if one is tired, handing over to Medical healthcare professional upon their instruction or if there is sign of life

• Do a primary survey 
• Check if surrounding area is safe
• Check if patient is responding by shouting at them
• Phone for an ambulance.
• Support the head and neck and ask others or oneself to carefully Move (roll) the person on their side in to a recovery position (if a baby: recovery position)  and tilt their head back to protect their airway.
• Check breathing by tilting head backwards and look and feel for breaths.(check if there are chest rises: adults 2 rises or child 4 rises or baby 6 rises per 10 seconds)
• If stop breathing do CPR
• Only stop CPR if one is tired, handing over to Medical healthcare professional upon their instruction or if there is sign of life

• Lay the patient down and raise their legs gradually and slowly.
• Call for an ambulance.
• What to do if someone is having fainting symptoms

• Do a primary survey 
• Check if surrounding area is safe
• Check if patient is responding by shouting at them
• Phone for an ambulance
• Check breathing by tilting head backwards and look and feel for breaths (check if there are chest rises: adults 2 rises or child 4 rises or baby 6 rises per 10 seconds), if not:
• Do CPR
• Only stop CPR if one is tired, handing over to Medical healthcare professional upon their instruction or if there is sign of life

• Do a primary survey 
• Check if surrounding area is safe
• Check if patient is responding by shouting at them
• Phone for an ambulance.
• Support the head and neck and ask others or oneself to carefully Move (roll) the person on their side in to a recovery position (if a baby: recovery position)  and tilt their head back to protect their airway.
• Check breathing by tilting head backwards and look and feel for breaths.(check if there are chest rises: adults 2 rises or child 4 rises or baby 6 rises per 10 seconds)
• If stop breathing do CPR
• Only stop CPR if one is tired, handing over to Medical healthcare professional upon their instruction or if there is sign of life

• Lay the patient down and raise their legs gradually and slowly.
• Call for an ambulance.
• What to do if someone is having fainting symptoms

• Do a primary survey 
• Check if surrounding area is safe
• Check if patient is responding by shouting at them
• Phone for an ambulance
• Check breathing by tilting head backwards and look and feel for breaths (check if there are chest rises: adults 2 rises or child 4 rises or baby 6 rises per 10 seconds), if not:
• Do CPR
• Only stop CPR if one is tired, handing over to Medical healthcare professional upon their instruction or if there is sign of life

• Do a primary survey 
• Check if surrounding area is safe
• Check if patient is responding by shouting at them
• Phone for an ambulance.
• Support the head and neck and ask others or oneself to carefully Move (roll) the person on their side in to a recovery position (if a baby: recovery position)  and tilt their head back to protect their airway.
• Check breathing by tilting head backwards and look and feel for breaths.(check if there are chest rises: adults 2 rises or child 4 rises or baby 6 rises per 10 seconds)
• If stop breathing do CPR
• Only stop CPR if one is tired, handing over to Medical healthcare professional upon their instruction or if there is sign of life

Lay the patient down and raise their legs gradually and slowly. Call for an ambulance.

• Injury:
  • Injuries to your face, head, neck or spine.
    • A common example of this is injuries from car crashes.
    • The most likely injuries involve your nose, sinuses, ears, temples or the base (bottom) of your skull
    • Twisting or severe whiplash can also cause tears that leak CSF fluid near your spinal cord
  • Penetrating injuries (like puncture or stab wounds, gunshot wounds)
  • Injuries from brain surgery
  • Injuries from ear, nose and throat medical procedures.
  • Injuries from medical procedures on or around your spine, such as epidural anesthesia and spinal taps (lumbar punctures).
  • Bone spurs along the spine
  • Abnormalities of the dura mater around the nerve roots in the spine
  • Abnormal connections between dura mater and veins (CSF-venous fistulas)
  • Poorly functioning shunt
  • Malformations of the inner ear
• Minor events:
  • Sneezing
  • Coughing
  • Straining to have a bowel movement
  • Lifting heavy objects
  • Falling
  • Stretching
  • Exercise
• Non-injury (not proven)
  • Connective tissue disorders that could cause a weakness in the layers of tissue that should contain the CSF (examples include Marfan syndrome and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome).
  • Intracranial hypertension (high pressure inside your skull), which can cause tears in the surrounding tissue, creating a leak.
  • Pseudotumor cerebri (false brain tumors).
  • Obesity (especially class II or class III obesity).
  • Having a previous surgery on or around the skull
  • Obstructive sleep apnoea
  • Head trauma
  • Tumor at the skull base
  • Abnormalities of the skull base or inner ear
  • Structural defects in how your nose, sinuses or other parts of your skull formed (either that you had when you were born or that developed or happened at some point in your life)
• Infection
• Brain tumours

• Lay the patient down and raise their legs gradually and slowly.
• Call for an ambulance.
• What to do if someone is having fainting symptoms

• Do a primary survey 
• Check if surrounding area is safe
• Check if patient is responding by shouting at them
• Phone for an ambulance
• Check breathing by tilting head backwards and look and feel for breaths (check if there are chest rises: adults 2 rises or child 4 rises or baby 6 rises per 10 seconds), if not:
• Do CPR
• Only stop CPR if one is tired, handing over to Medical healthcare professional upon their instruction or if there is sign of life

• Do a primary survey 
• Check if surrounding area is safe
• Check if patient is responding by shouting at them
• Phone for an ambulance.
• Support the head and neck and ask others or oneself to carefully Move (roll) the person on their side in to a recovery position (if a baby: recovery position)  and tilt their head back to protect their airway.
• Check breathing by tilting head backwards and look and feel for breaths.(check if there are chest rises: adults 2 rises or child 4 rises or baby 6 rises per 10 seconds)
• If stop breathing do CPR
• Only stop CPR if one is tired, handing over to Medical healthcare professional upon their instruction or if there is sign of life

• Lay the patient down and raise their legs gradually and slowly.
• Call for an ambulance.
• What to do if someone is having fainting symptoms

• Do a primary survey 
• Check if surrounding area is safe
• Check if patient is responding by shouting at them
• Phone for an ambulance
• Check breathing by tilting head backwards and look and feel for breaths (check if there are chest rises: adults 2 rises or child 4 rises or baby 6 rises per 10 seconds), if not:
• Do CPR
• Only stop CPR if one is tired, handing over to Medical healthcare professional upon their instruction or if there is sign of life

• Do a primary survey 
• Check if surrounding area is safe
• Check if patient is responding by shouting at them
• Phone for an ambulance.
• Support the head and neck and ask others or oneself to carefully Move (roll) the person on their side in to a recovery position (if a baby: recovery position)  and tilt their head back to protect their airway.
• Check breathing by tilting head backwards and look and feel for breaths.(check if there are chest rises: adults 2 rises or child 4 rises or baby 6 rises per 10 seconds)
• If stop breathing do CPR
• Only stop CPR if one is tired, handing over to Medical healthcare professional upon their instruction or if there is sign of life

Concussion

• This condition can have similar symptoms to a concussion i.e. blow to head
• Hear a ‘thunder clap’ in one head and/or stroke and/or behaviour and/or mood changes, memory loss or any other symptoms in this chapter – do not wait, seek urgent medical attention.
• Rest and reduce screen time.
• Any head injury relevant assessments must be preformed with in 72 hours.
• If symptoms persist after initial check up, seek medical attention.
• Symptoms include:
  • Behaviour and/or mood changes
  • Memory loss
  • Difficult in learning things
  • Balance issues
  • Shaking
  • Uncontrolled movements and/or jerk movements
  • Speech issues
• Warning signs include (one must immediately stop activity):
  • Headaches
  • Blankness or absence, or following a moving object
  • Double vision
  • Neck pain
  • Vomiting
  • Loss of consciousness
  • Epileptic seizures
  • Convulsions

• • Speech issues

Cause

• Maybe Family history
• Adult-Onset Leukoencephalopathy with Axonal Spheroids and Pigmented Glia
• Alpers Disease (childhood condition occurs from 3 months – 5 years old)
• Apraxia
• Arachnoid cysts- (noncancerous fluid-filled sac that grows on the brain or spinal cord)
• Astrocytoma (a type of cancer that can occur in the brain or spinal cord, it begins in cells called astrocytes that support nerve cells, it can be mistaken for multiple sclerosis)
• Alexander disease
• Canavan disease
• CARASIL
• Cavernous malformations (cerebral)
• Cerebellar agenesis
• Citrullinemia type I (CTLN1)
• Cytotoxic lesion of the corpus callosum (CLOCC)
• Craniopharyngioma
• Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
• Encephaloceles
• Fatal familial insomnia
• Fanconi anaemia
• Fragile X syndrome (an inherited disorder that causes intellectual problems; tuberous sclerosis, a condition in which benign tumours develop in the brain)
• Glioma
  • Ollier disease
• Glioblastoma (tumours grow from glial cells which form the (supportive) tissue of the brain and spinal cord)
• Brain metastases- [when cancer cells break away from their original location. The cells may travel through the bloodstream or the lymph system and spread (metastasise) to the brain where they begin to multiply]
• Oligodendrogliomas (primary brain tumours which means they have originated in the brain instead of spreading from elsewhere. They belong to the group of brain tumours known as gliomas as they develop from a type of glial cell known as an oligodendrocyte)
• Hemangioblastomas- benign tumours occurring in the brain, spinal cord and retina.
  • Von Hippel-Lindau disease
• Growth of glial cells (Glioma)- overuse of mobile phones
• Growth of astrocytes cells (Astrocytoma)
• Hashimoto encephalopathy
• Hemimegalencephaly
• Hypothalamic hamartomas
• HNRNPU-related disorder
• KAT6B-related disorders
• KIF1A-related disorder
• Leukodystrophies
  • Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease
• Lymphomas
• Meningioma
  • Ring chromosome 22 (long eye lashes)
• Machado-Joseph Disease
• MAPK8IP3-related neurodevelopmental disorder
• Olivopontocerebellar atrophy
• Pituitary gland enlargement/diseases (pituitary tumour)
• Pontocerebellar hypoplasias
• Progressive supra nuclear palsy (PCP)- certain parts of the brain are damaged as a result of a build-up of a protein called tau
• Tuberous sclerosis
• Vascular malformations of the brain
• Vestibular schwannomas-[benign tumour that develops on the balance (vestibular) and hearing, or auditory (cochlear) nerves leading from your inner ear to the brain]
• ‘Water in the brain’:
  • Hydrocephalus:
    • Condition in which abnormally widened (dilated) cerebral spaces in the brain (ventricles) inhibit the normal flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
    • The cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the skull and puts pressure on the brain tissue.
    • An enlarged head in infants and increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure are frequent findings but are not necessary for the diagnosis of hydrocephalus.
    • Several different forms of hydrocephalus: communicating hydrocephalus, non-communicating hydrocephalus or obstructive hydrocephalus, internal hydrocephalus, normal pressure hydrocephalus, and benign hydrocephalus.
    • Chiari malformations
    • Chromosome 6 Ring
    • Chromosome 7, Partial Monosomy 7p
    • Chromosome 9, Tetrasomy 9p
    • Chromosome 13, Partial Monosomy 13q
    • Chromosome 15, Distal Trisomy 15q
    • Congenital type 1 plasminogen deficiency
    • Encephaloceles
    • Frontonasal dysplasia
    • Hajdu-Cheney syndrome
    • Holoprosencephaly
    • Meckel-Gruber syndrome
    • Medulloblastoma
    • Meningioma
    • Mosaic trisomy 9
    • Multiple sulfatase deficiency
    • Shprintzen Goldberg syndrome
    • Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome
    • Sporadic porencephaly
    • Trisomy 13 Syndrome
• Achondroplasia
• Agenesis of corpus callosum
  • Chromosome 6 Ring
  • Chromosome 11, Partial Trisomy 11q
  • Chromosome 13, Partial Monosomy 13q
  • FG syndrome type 1
  • Frontonasal dysplasia
  • Malan syndrome
• Alpha-mannosidosis
• Dandy-Walker syndrome
  • Condition is characterized by cystic malformation and expansion of one of the cavities in the brain (fourth ventricle).
  • It is usually associated with an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the skull (hydrocephalus), resulting in increased fluid pressure, a rapid increase in head size, abnormal prominence of the back region of the head (occiput), and/or other associated findings.
  • Frontonasal dysplasia
  • Mosaic trisomy 9
• Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration
• PMM2-CDG
• VACTERL with hydrocephalus
• Lhermitte-Dulclos disease
• Osteopetrosis
• PLA2G6-associated neurodegeneration
• Medulloblastoma (tumour at the base of the skull just above the brainstem)
  • Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (Gorlin syndrome or Gorlin-Goltz syndrome)
• Autosomal dominant porencephaly type I (fluid-filled cysts and cavities develop on the surface of the brain)
• Aneurysm
• CADASIL
• Tumour
  • Craniopharyngiomas – benign tumours that grow near the pituitary gland
  • Diencephalic syndrome
• Other cancers that have spread to the brain
• Radiation exposure
• Pesticide exposure
• Maybe chemical exposure
• Maybe air pollution
• HIV/AIDS
• Overweight (BMI greater than 30)
• History of seizures
• High or low birthweight
• Poor diet during pregnancy (eating more cured and processed meats containing nitrites rather than healthy vegetables and  pregnant suitable multivitamins supplements)
• Alzheimer’s disease/dementia
• Dementia (vascular)
• Amyloidosis
• Erdheim-Chester disease
• Neurofibromatosis 1 (von Recklinghausen’s disease)
• Neurofibromatosis type II
  • Ring chromosome 22 (long eye lashes)
• SETBP1 haploinsufficiency disorder
• Subacute cerebellar degeneration
• Sporadic porencephaly
• Sturge-Weber disease
• Superficial siderosis (loss of smell and taste, upward movement of big toe)
• Syringobulbia (loss of feelings of pain and temperature in the face, muscle contraction of tongue)
• Trisomy-18 (Edwards syndrome)

Syndromes

• Acrocephalopolysyndactyly disorders (Apert syndrome, Pfeiffer syndrome, Chotzen syndrome, Carpenter syndrome)
• Acrocallosal syndrome
• Aicardi-Goutières syndrome
• Antiphospholipid/Hughes syndrome  (brain, respiratory, kidney, skin)
• Cerebellar agenesis
  • Meckel-Gruber syndrome
• Coffin-Siris syndrome
• Cowden’s syndrome
• Xeroderma Pigmentosum (De Sanctis-Cacchione syndrome) (blistering of skin)
• Dandy-Walker syndrome
  • Condition is characterized by cystic malformation and expansion of one of the cavities in the brain (fourth ventricle).
  • It is usually associated with an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the skull (hydrocephalus), resulting in increased fluid pressure, a rapid increase in head size, abnormal prominence of the back region of the head (occiput), and/or other associated findings.
  • Fryns syndrome
  • PHACE syndrome
• Froehlich syndrome (Damage to the hypothalamus, the hypothalamus regulates sleep cycles and body temperature and composition while stimulating the pituitary gland to release a variety of hormones that control growth, metabolism and body development)
• Jackson-Weiss syndrome
• KAT6A syndrome
• Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (Gorlin syndrome or Gorlin-Goltz syndrome)
• Laurence-Moon syndrome
• L1 syndrome
• Li-Fraumeni syndrome – a rare disorder that greatly increases the risk of developing several types of cancer, particularly in children and young adults)
• Lissencephaly type 1 (Miller-Dieker syndrome and Norman-Roberts syndrome)
• Lynch syndrome
• Marfan syndrome
• Malan syndrome
• Marinesco-Sjögren syndrome
• Megalencephaly-capillary malformation syndrome
• Neu-Laxova syndrome
• Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (Gorlin syndrome or Gorlin-Goltz syndrome)
• Nevus sebaceus syndrome
• Oculocerebrocutaneous syndrome
• Otopalatodigital syndromes type I and II
• Paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes
• PHACE syndrome
• Proteus syndrome
• Reye syndrome [distinctive, fatty changes of the liver and sudden (acute) swelling of the brain – aspirin related to those under 18 years old]
• Susac syndrome
• Turner syndrome
• Turcot syndrome
• Warburg Micro syndrome
• Walker-Warburg syndrome
• Wyburn-Mason syndrome
• Weaver Syndrome
• Wildervanck syndrome
  • Abnormal union or fusion of two or more bones of the spinal column (vertebrae) within the neck (Klippel-Feil syndrome)
  • Impairment or absence of certain eye (ocular) movements (Duane syndrome)
  • Hearing impairment

Medication

• NSAIDS

Cause

• Any bacterial condition

Increased risk of sepsis:

• Person who has had surgery or any invasive procedure in the last six weeks including  caesarean section, forceps delivery, removal of retained products of conception.
• Persons with any breach of skin integrity (for example, cuts, burns, blisters or skin infections)
• Persons under one year old
• Persons over 75 years old or person who are frail/ill health and/or persons with indwelling lines and/or catheters.
• Pneumonia
• Blood disorders 
• Respiratory conditions
• Abdominal conditions
• Urinary tract infections i.e infectious diarrhea, cystitis, gall bladder infections, kidney infection
• Weak immune conditions including Cancer, spleen removal,diabetes and gestational diabetes, sickle cell anaemia
• Person taking immunosuppressants  and/or medication causing  a weak immune system and/or Rheumatoid medication including methotrexate
• Chemotherapy and/or taking cancer medication
• Steroidal medication
• Persons who misuse drugs intravenously

Pregnancy and early birth:

• Person who is pregnant and/or had a termination and/or miscarriage in the last six weeks
• Needed invasive procedures
• Had prolonged rupture of membranes
• Have or have been in close contact with people with group A streptococcal infection, for example, scarlet fever
• Continued vaginal bleeding or an offensive vaginal discharge.
• Early-onset neonatal infection:

• • Invasive group B streptococcal infection in a previous baby
  • Maternal group B streptococcal colonisation, bacteriuria or infection in the current pregnancy
  • Prelabour rupture of membranes
  • Preterm birth following spontaneous labour (before 37 weeks’ gestation)
  • Suspected or confirmed rupture of membranes for more than 18 hours in a preterm birth
  • Intrapartum fever higher than 38°C, or confirmed or suspected chorioamnionitis (infection within the womb)
  • Parenteral antibiotic treatment given to the woman for confirmed or suspected invasive bacterial infection (such as septicaemia) at any time during labour, or in the 24-hour periods before and after the birth (this does not refer to intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis)
  • Suspected or confirmed infection in another baby in the case of a multiple pregnancy.

For further risk factors see below:

• Children under 5 out of hospital
• Children aged 5 to 11 years out of hospital
• Children and young people aged 12 to 17 out of hospital
• Adults aged 18 and over out of hospital

How to check if one has sepsis and what to do next.

The NEWS2 table (please see pictures) – not valid for children under the age of 16 and pregnant women and person with spinal cord injury.

One totals the points from the following parameters:

• Please note; one has 3 points if blood pressure reading (top number)  is above 220- any reading above 140, this also applies if ones blood pressure is below 90 needs to be referred to a healthcare professional).
• Hypercapnic respiratory failure (means if you have a long term breathing condition)

It takes account of:

• Heart rate (pulse)
  • If heart beat greater than 100 beats per min it is known as tachycardia
• Oxygen saturation (using an oximeter)
  • Scale 1 : Normal oxygen levels are 94- 98%
  • Scale 2 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (long term breathing condition) oxygen levels are 88-92%
• Respiratory rate (breaths per min)
  • Normal rates are 12- 20 breaths per min
• Temperature (using a thermometer)
• Level of consciousness (response to pain)
  • Alert
  • Confusion
  • Voice
  • Unresponsiveness to voice/pain

• NEWS2 calculator and look at picture of News2 table above
  • Once one has answered the question click on ‘Evidence’ on what to do next.

• Glasgow coma scale (GCS)
  • Max score is 15 and any change of behaviour needs to referred to an healthcare professional or if aggressive or emotionally upset as a Medical emergency.
  • Once one has answered the question click on ‘Evidence’ on what to do next.

Organ failure assessment (qsofa)

Patients equal to or older than 18 years old in a non-ICU setting (i.e. pre-hospital, ward, emergency department, or step-down unit) with confirmed or suspected infection.

One needs to the Glasgow coma scale (GCS) first and then:

• qsofa
  • Once one has answered the question click on ‘Evidence’ on what to do next.

Concussion

• This condition can have similar symptoms to a concussion i.e. blow to head
• Hear a ‘thunder clap’ in one head and/or stroke and/or behaviour and/or mood changes, memory loss or any other symptoms in this chapter – do not wait, seek urgent medical attention.
• Rest and reduce screen time.
• Any head injury relevant assessments must be preformed with in 72 hours.
• If symptoms persist after initial check up, seek medical attention.
• Symptoms include:
  • Behaviour and/or mood changes
  • Memory loss
  • Difficult in learning things
  • Balance issues
  • Shaking
  • Uncontrolled movements and/or jerk movements
  • Speech issues
• Warning signs include (one must immediately stop activity):
  • Headaches
  • Blankness or absence, or following a moving object
  • Double vision
  • Neck pain
  • Vomiting
  • Loss of consciousness
  • Epileptic seizures
  • Convulsions

• • Speech issues

Cause

• Maybe Family history
• Adult-Onset Leukoencephalopathy with Axonal Spheroids and Pigmented Glia
• Alpers Disease (childhood condition occurs from 3 months – 5 years old)
• Apraxia
• Arachnoid cysts- (noncancerous fluid-filled sac that grows on the brain or spinal cord)
• Astrocytoma (a type of cancer that can occur in the brain or spinal cord, it begins in cells called astrocytes that support nerve cells, it can be mistaken for multiple sclerosis)
• Alexander disease
• Canavan disease
• CARASIL
• Cavernous malformations (cerebral)
• Cerebellar agenesis
• Citrullinemia type I (CTLN1)
• Cytotoxic lesion of the corpus callosum (CLOCC)
• Craniopharyngioma
• Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
• Encephaloceles
• Fatal familial insomnia
• Fanconi anaemia
• Fragile X syndrome (an inherited disorder that causes intellectual problems; tuberous sclerosis, a condition in which benign tumours develop in the brain)
• Glioma
  • Ollier disease
• Glioblastoma (tumours grow from glial cells which form the (supportive) tissue of the brain and spinal cord)
• Brain metastases- [when cancer cells break away from their original location. The cells may travel through the bloodstream or the lymph system and spread (metastasise) to the brain where they begin to multiply]
• Oligodendrogliomas (primary brain tumours which means they have originated in the brain instead of spreading from elsewhere. They belong to the group of brain tumours known as gliomas as they develop from a type of glial cell known as an oligodendrocyte)
• Hemangioblastomas- benign tumours occurring in the brain, spinal cord and retina.
  • Von Hippel-Lindau disease
• Growth of glial cells (Glioma)- overuse of mobile phones
• Growth of astrocytes cells (Astrocytoma)
• Hashimoto encephalopathy
• Hemimegalencephaly
• Hypothalamic hamartomas
• HNRNPU-related disorder
• KAT6B-related disorders
• KIF1A-related disorder
• Leukodystrophies
  • Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease
• Lymphomas
• Meningioma
  • Ring chromosome 22 (long eye lashes)
• Machado-Joseph Disease
• MAPK8IP3-related neurodevelopmental disorder
• Olivopontocerebellar atrophy
• Pituitary gland enlargement/diseases (pituitary tumour)
• Pontocerebellar hypoplasias
• Progressive supra nuclear palsy (PCP)- certain parts of the brain are damaged as a result of a build-up of a protein called tau
• Tuberous sclerosis
• Vascular malformations of the brain
• Vestibular schwannomas-[benign tumour that develops on the balance (vestibular) and hearing, or auditory (cochlear) nerves leading from your inner ear to the brain]
• ‘Water in the brain’:
  • Hydrocephalus:
    • Condition in which abnormally widened (dilated) cerebral spaces in the brain (ventricles) inhibit the normal flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
    • The cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the skull and puts pressure on the brain tissue.
    • An enlarged head in infants and increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure are frequent findings but are not necessary for the diagnosis of hydrocephalus.
    • Several different forms of hydrocephalus: communicating hydrocephalus, non-communicating hydrocephalus or obstructive hydrocephalus, internal hydrocephalus, normal pressure hydrocephalus, and benign hydrocephalus.
    • Chiari malformations
    • Chromosome 6 Ring
    • Chromosome 7, Partial Monosomy 7p
    • Chromosome 9, Tetrasomy 9p
    • Chromosome 13, Partial Monosomy 13q
    • Chromosome 15, Distal Trisomy 15q
    • Congenital type 1 plasminogen deficiency
    • Encephaloceles
    • Frontonasal dysplasia
    • Hajdu-Cheney syndrome
    • Holoprosencephaly
    • Meckel-Gruber syndrome
    • Medulloblastoma
    • Meningioma
    • Mosaic trisomy 9
    • Multiple sulfatase deficiency
    • Shprintzen Goldberg syndrome
    • Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome
    • Sporadic porencephaly
    • Trisomy 13 Syndrome
• Achondroplasia
• Agenesis of corpus callosum
  • Chromosome 6 Ring
  • Chromosome 11, Partial Trisomy 11q
  • Chromosome 13, Partial Monosomy 13q
  • FG syndrome type 1
  • Frontonasal dysplasia
  • Malan syndrome
• Alpha-mannosidosis
• Dandy-Walker syndrome
  • Condition is characterized by cystic malformation and expansion of one of the cavities in the brain (fourth ventricle).
  • It is usually associated with an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the skull (hydrocephalus), resulting in increased fluid pressure, a rapid increase in head size, abnormal prominence of the back region of the head (occiput), and/or other associated findings.
  • Frontonasal dysplasia
  • Mosaic trisomy 9
• Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration
• PMM2-CDG
• VACTERL with hydrocephalus
• Lhermitte-Dulclos disease
• Osteopetrosis
• PLA2G6-associated neurodegeneration
• Medulloblastoma (tumour at the base of the skull just above the brainstem)
  • Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (Gorlin syndrome or Gorlin-Goltz syndrome)
• Autosomal dominant porencephaly type I (fluid-filled cysts and cavities develop on the surface of the brain)
• Aneurysm
• CADASIL
• Tumour
  • Craniopharyngiomas – benign tumours that grow near the pituitary gland
  • Diencephalic syndrome
• Other cancers that have spread to the brain
• Radiation exposure
• Pesticide exposure
• Maybe chemical exposure
• Maybe air pollution
• HIV/AIDS
• Overweight (BMI greater than 30)
• History of seizures
• High or low birthweight
• Poor diet during pregnancy (eating more cured and processed meats containing nitrites rather than healthy vegetables and  pregnant suitable multivitamins supplements)
• Alzheimer’s disease/dementia
• Dementia (vascular)
• Amyloidosis
• Erdheim-Chester disease
• Neurofibromatosis 1 (von Recklinghausen’s disease)
• Neurofibromatosis type II
  • Ring chromosome 22 (long eye lashes)
• SETBP1 haploinsufficiency disorder
• Subacute cerebellar degeneration
• Sporadic porencephaly
• Sturge-Weber disease
• Superficial siderosis (loss of smell and taste, upward movement of big toe)
• Syringobulbia (loss of feelings of pain and temperature in the face, muscle contraction of tongue)
• Trisomy-18 (Edwards syndrome)

Syndromes

• Acrocephalopolysyndactyly disorders (Apert syndrome, Pfeiffer syndrome, Chotzen syndrome, Carpenter syndrome)
• Acrocallosal syndrome
• Aicardi-Goutières syndrome
• Antiphospholipid/Hughes syndrome  (brain, respiratory, kidney, skin)
• Cerebellar agenesis
  • Meckel-Gruber syndrome
• Coffin-Siris syndrome
• Cowden’s syndrome
• Xeroderma Pigmentosum (De Sanctis-Cacchione syndrome) (blistering of skin)
• Dandy-Walker syndrome
  • Condition is characterized by cystic malformation and expansion of one of the cavities in the brain (fourth ventricle).
  • It is usually associated with an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the skull (hydrocephalus), resulting in increased fluid pressure, a rapid increase in head size, abnormal prominence of the back region of the head (occiput), and/or other associated findings.
  • Fryns syndrome
  • PHACE syndrome
• Froehlich syndrome (Damage to the hypothalamus, the hypothalamus regulates sleep cycles and body temperature and composition while stimulating the pituitary gland to release a variety of hormones that control growth, metabolism and body development)
• Jackson-Weiss syndrome
• KAT6A syndrome
• Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (Gorlin syndrome or Gorlin-Goltz syndrome)
• Laurence-Moon syndrome
• L1 syndrome
• Li-Fraumeni syndrome – a rare disorder that greatly increases the risk of developing several types of cancer, particularly in children and young adults)
• Lissencephaly type 1 (Miller-Dieker syndrome and Norman-Roberts syndrome)
• Lynch syndrome
• Marfan syndrome
• Malan syndrome
• Marinesco-Sjögren syndrome
• Megalencephaly-capillary malformation syndrome
• Neu-Laxova syndrome
• Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (Gorlin syndrome or Gorlin-Goltz syndrome)
• Nevus sebaceus syndrome
• Oculocerebrocutaneous syndrome
• Otopalatodigital syndromes type I and II
• Paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes
• PHACE syndrome
• Proteus syndrome
• Reye syndrome [distinctive, fatty changes of the liver and sudden (acute) swelling of the brain – aspirin related to those under 18 years old]
• Susac syndrome
• Turner syndrome
• Turcot syndrome
• Warburg Micro syndrome
• Walker-Warburg syndrome
• Wyburn-Mason syndrome
• Weaver Syndrome
• Wildervanck syndrome
  • Abnormal union or fusion of two or more bones of the spinal column (vertebrae) within the neck (Klippel-Feil syndrome)
  • Impairment or absence of certain eye (ocular) movements (Duane syndrome)
  • Hearing impairment

Medication

• NSAIDS

Please beware of:

• Sepsis
• Dehydration symptoms
• Symptoms of  Acute (short term) Prostatitis developed SUDDENLY)

• • Severe abdominal pain?
  • Frequent need to urinate?
  • High fever of 38°C (100°F), feeling hot sweaty and clammy?
  • Nausea and vomiting?
  • Swollen scrotum?
  • Pain when urinating?
  • Difficult to start or stop urination?

Concussion

• This condition can have similar symptoms to a concussion i.e. blow to head
• Hear a ‘thunder clap’ in one head and/or stroke and/or behaviour and/or mood changes, memory loss or any other symptoms in this chapter – do not wait, seek urgent medical attention.
• Rest and reduce screen time.
• Any head injury relevant assessments must be preformed with in 72 hours.
• If symptoms persist after initial check up, seek medical attention.
• Symptoms include:
  • Behaviour and/or mood changes
  • Memory loss
  • Difficult in learning things
  • Balance issues
  • Shaking
  • Uncontrolled movements and/or jerk movements
  • Speech issues
• Warning signs include (one must immediately stop activity):
  • Headaches
  • Blankness or absence, or following a moving object
  • Double vision
  • Neck pain
  • Vomiting
  • Loss of consciousness
  • Epileptic seizures
  • Convulsions

• • Speech issues

Cause

• Maybe Family history
• Adult-Onset Leukoencephalopathy with Axonal Spheroids and Pigmented Glia
• Alpers Disease (childhood condition occurs from 3 months – 5 years old)
• Apraxia
• Arachnoid cysts- (noncancerous fluid-filled sac that grows on the brain or spinal cord)
• Astrocytoma (a type of cancer that can occur in the brain or spinal cord, it begins in cells called astrocytes that support nerve cells, it can be mistaken for multiple sclerosis)
• Alexander disease
• Canavan disease
• CARASIL
• Cavernous malformations (cerebral)
• Cerebellar agenesis
• Citrullinemia type I (CTLN1)
• Cytotoxic lesion of the corpus callosum (CLOCC)
• Craniopharyngioma
• Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
• Encephaloceles
• Fatal familial insomnia
• Fanconi anaemia
• Fragile X syndrome (an inherited disorder that causes intellectual problems; tuberous sclerosis, a condition in which benign tumours develop in the brain)
• Glioma
  • Ollier disease
• Glioblastoma (tumours grow from glial cells which form the (supportive) tissue of the brain and spinal cord)
• Brain metastases- [when cancer cells break away from their original location. The cells may travel through the bloodstream or the lymph system and spread (metastasise) to the brain where they begin to multiply]
• Oligodendrogliomas (primary brain tumours which means they have originated in the brain instead of spreading from elsewhere. They belong to the group of brain tumours known as gliomas as they develop from a type of glial cell known as an oligodendrocyte)
• Hemangioblastomas- benign tumours occurring in the brain, spinal cord and retina.
  • Von Hippel-Lindau disease
• Growth of glial cells (Glioma)- overuse of mobile phones
• Growth of astrocytes cells (Astrocytoma)
• Hashimoto encephalopathy
• Hemimegalencephaly
• Hypothalamic hamartomas
• HNRNPU-related disorder
• KAT6B-related disorders
• KIF1A-related disorder
• Leukodystrophies
  • Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease
• Lymphomas
• Meningioma
  • Ring chromosome 22 (long eye lashes)
• Machado-Joseph Disease
• MAPK8IP3-related neurodevelopmental disorder
• Olivopontocerebellar atrophy
• Pituitary gland enlargement/diseases (pituitary tumour)
• Pontocerebellar hypoplasias
• Progressive supra nuclear palsy (PCP)- certain parts of the brain are damaged as a result of a build-up of a protein called tau
• Tuberous sclerosis
• Vascular malformations of the brain
• Vestibular schwannomas-[benign tumour that develops on the balance (vestibular) and hearing, or auditory (cochlear) nerves leading from your inner ear to the brain]
• ‘Water in the brain’:
  • Hydrocephalus:
    • Condition in which abnormally widened (dilated) cerebral spaces in the brain (ventricles) inhibit the normal flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
    • The cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the skull and puts pressure on the brain tissue.
    • An enlarged head in infants and increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure are frequent findings but are not necessary for the diagnosis of hydrocephalus.
    • Several different forms of hydrocephalus: communicating hydrocephalus, non-communicating hydrocephalus or obstructive hydrocephalus, internal hydrocephalus, normal pressure hydrocephalus, and benign hydrocephalus.
    • Chiari malformations
    • Chromosome 6 Ring
    • Chromosome 7, Partial Monosomy 7p
    • Chromosome 9, Tetrasomy 9p
    • Chromosome 13, Partial Monosomy 13q
    • Chromosome 15, Distal Trisomy 15q
    • Congenital type 1 plasminogen deficiency
    • Encephaloceles
    • Frontonasal dysplasia
    • Hajdu-Cheney syndrome
    • Holoprosencephaly
    • Meckel-Gruber syndrome
    • Medulloblastoma
    • Meningioma
    • Mosaic trisomy 9
    • Multiple sulfatase deficiency
    • Shprintzen Goldberg syndrome
    • Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome
    • Sporadic porencephaly
    • Trisomy 13 Syndrome
• Achondroplasia
• Agenesis of corpus callosum
  • Chromosome 6 Ring
  • Chromosome 11, Partial Trisomy 11q
  • Chromosome 13, Partial Monosomy 13q
  • FG syndrome type 1
  • Frontonasal dysplasia
  • Malan syndrome
• Alpha-mannosidosis
• Dandy-Walker syndrome
  • Condition is characterized by cystic malformation and expansion of one of the cavities in the brain (fourth ventricle).
  • It is usually associated with an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the skull (hydrocephalus), resulting in increased fluid pressure, a rapid increase in head size, abnormal prominence of the back region of the head (occiput), and/or other associated findings.
  • Frontonasal dysplasia
  • Mosaic trisomy 9
• Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration
• PMM2-CDG
• VACTERL with hydrocephalus
• Lhermitte-Dulclos disease
• Osteopetrosis
• PLA2G6-associated neurodegeneration
• Medulloblastoma (tumour at the base of the skull just above the brainstem)
  • Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (Gorlin syndrome or Gorlin-Goltz syndrome)
• Autosomal dominant porencephaly type I (fluid-filled cysts and cavities develop on the surface of the brain)
• Aneurysm
• CADASIL
• Tumour
  • Craniopharyngiomas – benign tumours that grow near the pituitary gland
  • Diencephalic syndrome
• Other cancers that have spread to the brain
• Radiation exposure
• Pesticide exposure
• Maybe chemical exposure
• Maybe air pollution
• HIV/AIDS
• Overweight (BMI greater than 30)
• History of seizures
• High or low birthweight
• Poor diet during pregnancy (eating more cured and processed meats containing nitrites rather than healthy vegetables and  pregnant suitable multivitamins supplements)
• Alzheimer’s disease/dementia
• Dementia (vascular)
• Amyloidosis
• Erdheim-Chester disease
• Neurofibromatosis 1 (von Recklinghausen’s disease)
• Neurofibromatosis type II
  • Ring chromosome 22 (long eye lashes)
• SETBP1 haploinsufficiency disorder
• Subacute cerebellar degeneration
• Sporadic porencephaly
• Sturge-Weber disease
• Superficial siderosis (loss of smell and taste, upward movement of big toe)
• Syringobulbia (loss of feelings of pain and temperature in the face, muscle contraction of tongue)
• Trisomy-18 (Edwards syndrome)

Syndromes

• Acrocephalopolysyndactyly disorders (Apert syndrome, Pfeiffer syndrome, Chotzen syndrome, Carpenter syndrome)
• Acrocallosal syndrome
• Aicardi-Goutières syndrome
• Antiphospholipid/Hughes syndrome  (brain, respiratory, kidney, skin)
• Cerebellar agenesis
  • Meckel-Gruber syndrome
• Coffin-Siris syndrome
• Cowden’s syndrome
• Xeroderma Pigmentosum (De Sanctis-Cacchione syndrome) (blistering of skin)
• Dandy-Walker syndrome
  • Condition is characterized by cystic malformation and expansion of one of the cavities in the brain (fourth ventricle).
  • It is usually associated with an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the skull (hydrocephalus), resulting in increased fluid pressure, a rapid increase in head size, abnormal prominence of the back region of the head (occiput), and/or other associated findings.
  • Fryns syndrome
  • PHACE syndrome
• Froehlich syndrome (Damage to the hypothalamus, the hypothalamus regulates sleep cycles and body temperature and composition while stimulating the pituitary gland to release a variety of hormones that control growth, metabolism and body development)
• Jackson-Weiss syndrome
• KAT6A syndrome
• Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (Gorlin syndrome or Gorlin-Goltz syndrome)
• Laurence-Moon syndrome
• L1 syndrome
• Li-Fraumeni syndrome – a rare disorder that greatly increases the risk of developing several types of cancer, particularly in children and young adults)
• Lissencephaly type 1 (Miller-Dieker syndrome and Norman-Roberts syndrome)
• Lynch syndrome
• Marfan syndrome
• Malan syndrome
• Marinesco-Sjögren syndrome
• Megalencephaly-capillary malformation syndrome
• Neu-Laxova syndrome
• Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (Gorlin syndrome or Gorlin-Goltz syndrome)
• Nevus sebaceus syndrome
• Oculocerebrocutaneous syndrome
• Otopalatodigital syndromes type I and II
• Paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes
• PHACE syndrome
• Proteus syndrome
• Reye syndrome [distinctive, fatty changes of the liver and sudden (acute) swelling of the brain – aspirin related to those under 18 years old]
• Susac syndrome
• Turner syndrome
• Turcot syndrome
• Warburg Micro syndrome
• Walker-Warburg syndrome
• Wyburn-Mason syndrome
• Weaver Syndrome
• Wildervanck syndrome
  • Abnormal union or fusion of two or more bones of the spinal column (vertebrae) within the neck (Klippel-Feil syndrome)
  • Impairment or absence of certain eye (ocular) movements (Duane syndrome)
  • Hearing impairment

Medication

• NSAIDS

Cause

• Brain injury due to trauma
• Breathing conditions
• Cardiovascular disorders
• Degenerative disorders
• Infections:
  • Septicaemia
  • Encephalitis
  • Meningitis

Concussion

• This condition can have similar symptoms to a concussion i.e. blow to head
• Hear a ‘thunder clap’ in one head and/or stroke and/or behaviour and/or mood changes, memory loss or any other symptoms in this chapter – do not wait, seek urgent medical attention.
• Rest and reduce screen time.
• Any head injury relevant assessments must be preformed with in 72 hours.
• If symptoms persist after initial check up, seek medical attention.
• Symptoms include:
  • Behaviour and/or mood changes
  • Memory loss
  • Difficult in learning things
  • Balance issues
  • Shaking
  • Uncontrolled movements and/or  jerk movements
  • Speech issues

Concussion

• This condition can have similar symptoms to a concussion i.e. blow to head
• Hear a ‘thunder clap’ in one head and/or stroke and/or behaviour and/or mood changes, memory loss or any other symptoms in this chapter – do not wait, seek urgent medical attention.
• Rest and reduce screen time.
• Any head injury relevant assessments must be preformed with in 72 hours.
• If symptoms persist after initial check up, seek medical attention.
• Symptoms include:
  • Behaviour and/or mood changes
  • Memory loss
  • Difficult in learning things
  • Balance issues
  • Shaking
  • Uncontrolled movements and/or jerk movements
  • Speech issues
• Warning signs include (one must immediately stop activity):
  • Headaches
  • Blankness or absence, or following a moving object
  • Double vision
  • Neck pain
  • Vomiting
  • Loss of consciousness
  • Epileptic seizures
  • Convulsions

• • Speech issues

Cause

• Maybe Family history
• Adult-Onset Leukoencephalopathy with Axonal Spheroids and Pigmented Glia
• Alpers Disease (childhood condition occurs from 3 months – 5 years old)
• Apraxia
• Arachnoid cysts- (noncancerous fluid-filled sac that grows on the brain or spinal cord)
• Astrocytoma (a type of cancer that can occur in the brain or spinal cord, it begins in cells called astrocytes that support nerve cells, it can be mistaken for multiple sclerosis)
• Alexander disease
• Canavan disease
• CARASIL
• Cavernous malformations (cerebral)
• Cerebellar agenesis
• Citrullinemia type I (CTLN1)
• Cytotoxic lesion of the corpus callosum (CLOCC)
• Craniopharyngioma
• Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
• Encephaloceles
• Fatal familial insomnia
• Fanconi anaemia
• Fragile X syndrome (an inherited disorder that causes intellectual problems; tuberous sclerosis, a condition in which benign tumours develop in the brain)
• Glioma
  • Ollier disease
• Glioblastoma (tumours grow from glial cells which form the (supportive) tissue of the brain and spinal cord)
• Brain metastases- [when cancer cells break away from their original location. The cells may travel through the bloodstream or the lymph system and spread (metastasise) to the brain where they begin to multiply]
• Oligodendrogliomas (primary brain tumours which means they have originated in the brain instead of spreading from elsewhere. They belong to the group of brain tumours known as gliomas as they develop from a type of glial cell known as an oligodendrocyte)
• Hemangioblastomas- benign tumours occurring in the brain, spinal cord and retina.
  • Von Hippel-Lindau disease
• Growth of glial cells (Glioma)- overuse of mobile phones
• Growth of astrocytes cells (Astrocytoma)
• Hashimoto encephalopathy
• Hemimegalencephaly
• Hypothalamic hamartomas
• HNRNPU-related disorder
• KAT6B-related disorders
• KIF1A-related disorder
• Leukodystrophies
  • Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease
• Lymphomas
• Meningioma
  • Ring chromosome 22 (long eye lashes)
• Machado-Joseph Disease
• MAPK8IP3-related neurodevelopmental disorder
• Olivopontocerebellar atrophy
• Pituitary gland enlargement/diseases (pituitary tumour)
• Pontocerebellar hypoplasias
• Progressive supra nuclear palsy (PCP)- certain parts of the brain are damaged as a result of a build-up of a protein called tau
• Tuberous sclerosis
• Vascular malformations of the brain
• Vestibular schwannomas-[benign tumour that develops on the balance (vestibular) and hearing, or auditory (cochlear) nerves leading from your inner ear to the brain]
• ‘Water in the brain’:
  • Hydrocephalus:
    • Condition in which abnormally widened (dilated) cerebral spaces in the brain (ventricles) inhibit the normal flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
    • The cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the skull and puts pressure on the brain tissue.
    • An enlarged head in infants and increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure are frequent findings but are not necessary for the diagnosis of hydrocephalus.
    • Several different forms of hydrocephalus: communicating hydrocephalus, non-communicating hydrocephalus or obstructive hydrocephalus, internal hydrocephalus, normal pressure hydrocephalus, and benign hydrocephalus.
    • Chiari malformations
    • Chromosome 6 Ring
    • Chromosome 7, Partial Monosomy 7p
    • Chromosome 9, Tetrasomy 9p
    • Chromosome 13, Partial Monosomy 13q
    • Chromosome 15, Distal Trisomy 15q
    • Congenital type 1 plasminogen deficiency
    • Encephaloceles
    • Frontonasal dysplasia
    • Hajdu-Cheney syndrome
    • Holoprosencephaly
    • Meckel-Gruber syndrome
    • Medulloblastoma
    • Meningioma
    • Mosaic trisomy 9
    • Multiple sulfatase deficiency
    • Shprintzen Goldberg syndrome
    • Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome
    • Sporadic porencephaly
    • Trisomy 13 Syndrome
• Achondroplasia
• Agenesis of corpus callosum
  • Chromosome 6 Ring
  • Chromosome 11, Partial Trisomy 11q
  • Chromosome 13, Partial Monosomy 13q
  • FG syndrome type 1
  • Frontonasal dysplasia
  • Malan syndrome
• Alpha-mannosidosis
• Dandy-Walker syndrome
  • Condition is characterized by cystic malformation and expansion of one of the cavities in the brain (fourth ventricle).
  • It is usually associated with an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the skull (hydrocephalus), resulting in increased fluid pressure, a rapid increase in head size, abnormal prominence of the back region of the head (occiput), and/or other associated findings.
  • Frontonasal dysplasia
  • Mosaic trisomy 9
• Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration
• PMM2-CDG
• VACTERL with hydrocephalus
• Lhermitte-Dulclos disease
• Osteopetrosis
• PLA2G6-associated neurodegeneration
• Medulloblastoma (tumour at the base of the skull just above the brainstem)
  • Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (Gorlin syndrome or Gorlin-Goltz syndrome)
• Autosomal dominant porencephaly type I (fluid-filled cysts and cavities develop on the surface of the brain)
• Aneurysm
• CADASIL
• Tumour
  • Craniopharyngiomas – benign tumours that grow near the pituitary gland
  • Diencephalic syndrome
• Other cancers that have spread to the brain
• Radiation exposure
• Pesticide exposure
• Maybe chemical exposure
• Maybe air pollution
• HIV/AIDS
• Overweight (BMI greater than 30)
• History of seizures
• High or low birthweight
• Poor diet during pregnancy (eating more cured and processed meats containing nitrites rather than healthy vegetables and  pregnant suitable multivitamins supplements)
• Alzheimer’s disease/dementia
• Dementia (vascular)
• Amyloidosis
• Erdheim-Chester disease
• Neurofibromatosis 1 (von Recklinghausen’s disease)
• Neurofibromatosis type II
  • Ring chromosome 22 (long eye lashes)
• SETBP1 haploinsufficiency disorder
• Subacute cerebellar degeneration
• Sporadic porencephaly
• Sturge-Weber disease
• Superficial siderosis (loss of smell and taste, upward movement of big toe)
• Syringobulbia (loss of feelings of pain and temperature in the face, muscle contraction of tongue)
• Trisomy-18 (Edwards syndrome)

Syndromes

• Acrocephalopolysyndactyly disorders (Apert syndrome, Pfeiffer syndrome, Chotzen syndrome, Carpenter syndrome)
• Acrocallosal syndrome
• Aicardi-Goutières syndrome
• Antiphospholipid/Hughes syndrome  (brain, respiratory, kidney, skin)
• Cerebellar agenesis
  • Meckel-Gruber syndrome
• Coffin-Siris syndrome
• Cowden’s syndrome
• Xeroderma Pigmentosum (De Sanctis-Cacchione syndrome) (blistering of skin)
• Dandy-Walker syndrome
  • Condition is characterized by cystic malformation and expansion of one of the cavities in the brain (fourth ventricle).
  • It is usually associated with an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the skull (hydrocephalus), resulting in increased fluid pressure, a rapid increase in head size, abnormal prominence of the back region of the head (occiput), and/or other associated findings.
  • Fryns syndrome
  • PHACE syndrome
• Froehlich syndrome (Damage to the hypothalamus, the hypothalamus regulates sleep cycles and body temperature and composition while stimulating the pituitary gland to release a variety of hormones that control growth, metabolism and body development)
• Jackson-Weiss syndrome
• KAT6A syndrome
• Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (Gorlin syndrome or Gorlin-Goltz syndrome)
• Laurence-Moon syndrome
• L1 syndrome
• Li-Fraumeni syndrome – a rare disorder that greatly increases the risk of developing several types of cancer, particularly in children and young adults)
• Lissencephaly type 1 (Miller-Dieker syndrome and Norman-Roberts syndrome)
• Lynch syndrome
• Marfan syndrome
• Malan syndrome
• Marinesco-Sjögren syndrome
• Megalencephaly-capillary malformation syndrome
• Neu-Laxova syndrome
• Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (Gorlin syndrome or Gorlin-Goltz syndrome)
• Nevus sebaceus syndrome
• Oculocerebrocutaneous syndrome
• Otopalatodigital syndromes type I and II
• Paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes
• PHACE syndrome
• Proteus syndrome
• Reye syndrome [distinctive, fatty changes of the liver and sudden (acute) swelling of the brain – aspirin related to those under 18 years old]
• Susac syndrome
• Turner syndrome
• Turcot syndrome
• Warburg Micro syndrome
• Walker-Warburg syndrome
• Wyburn-Mason syndrome
• Weaver Syndrome
• Wildervanck syndrome
  • Abnormal union or fusion of two or more bones of the spinal column (vertebrae) within the neck (Klippel-Feil syndrome)
  • Impairment or absence of certain eye (ocular) movements (Duane syndrome)
  • Hearing impairment

Medication

• NSAIDS

Cause

• Brain injury due to trauma
• Breathing conditions
• Cardiovascular disorders
• Degenerative disorders
• Infections:
  • Septicaemia
  • Encephalitis
  • Meningitis

Concussion

• This condition can have similar symptoms to a concussion i.e. blow to head
• Hear a ‘thunder clap’ in one head and/or stroke and/or behaviour and/or mood changes, memory loss or any other symptoms in this chapter – do not wait, seek urgent medical attention.
• Rest and reduce screen time.
• Any head injury relevant assessments must be preformed with in 72 hours.
• If symptoms persist after initial check up, seek medical attention.
• Symptoms include:
  • Behaviour and/or mood changes
  • Memory loss
  • Difficult in learning things
  • Balance issues
  • Shaking
  • Uncontrolled movements and/or  jerk movements
  • Speech issues

Concussion

• This condition can have similar symptoms to a concussion i.e. blow to head
• Hear a ‘thunder clap’ in one head and/or stroke and/or behaviour and/or mood changes, memory loss or any other symptoms in this chapter – do not wait, seek urgent medical attention.
• Rest and reduce screen time.
• Any head injury relevant assessments must be preformed with in 72 hours.
• If symptoms persist after initial check up, seek medical attention.
• Symptoms include:
  • Behaviour and/or mood changes
  • Memory loss
  • Difficult in learning things
  • Balance issues
  • Shaking
  • Uncontrolled movements and/or jerk movements
  • Speech issues
• Warning signs include (one must immediately stop activity):
  • Headaches
  • Blankness or absence, or following a moving object
  • Double vision
  • Neck pain
  • Vomiting
  • Loss of consciousness
  • Epileptic seizures
  • Convulsions

• • Speech issues

Cause

• Maybe Family history
• Adult-Onset Leukoencephalopathy with Axonal Spheroids and Pigmented Glia
• Alpers Disease (childhood condition occurs from 3 months – 5 years old)
• Apraxia
• Arachnoid cysts- (noncancerous fluid-filled sac that grows on the brain or spinal cord)
• Astrocytoma (a type of cancer that can occur in the brain or spinal cord, it begins in cells called astrocytes that support nerve cells, it can be mistaken for multiple sclerosis)
• Alexander disease
• Canavan disease
• CARASIL
• Cavernous malformations (cerebral)
• Cerebellar agenesis
• Citrullinemia type I (CTLN1)
• Cytotoxic lesion of the corpus callosum (CLOCC)
• Craniopharyngioma
• Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
• Encephaloceles
• Fatal familial insomnia
• Fanconi anaemia
• Fragile X syndrome (an inherited disorder that causes intellectual problems; tuberous sclerosis, a condition in which benign tumours develop in the brain)
• Glioma
  • Ollier disease
• Glioblastoma (tumours grow from glial cells which form the (supportive) tissue of the brain and spinal cord)
• Brain metastases- [when cancer cells break away from their original location. The cells may travel through the bloodstream or the lymph system and spread (metastasise) to the brain where they begin to multiply]
• Oligodendrogliomas (primary brain tumours which means they have originated in the brain instead of spreading from elsewhere. They belong to the group of brain tumours known as gliomas as they develop from a type of glial cell known as an oligodendrocyte)
• Hemangioblastomas- benign tumours occurring in the brain, spinal cord and retina.
  • Von Hippel-Lindau disease
• Growth of glial cells (Glioma)- overuse of mobile phones
• Growth of astrocytes cells (Astrocytoma)
• Hashimoto encephalopathy
• Hemimegalencephaly
• Hypothalamic hamartomas
• HNRNPU-related disorder
• KAT6B-related disorders
• KIF1A-related disorder
• Leukodystrophies
  • Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease
• Lymphomas
• Meningioma
  • Ring chromosome 22 (long eye lashes)
• Machado-Joseph Disease
• MAPK8IP3-related neurodevelopmental disorder
• Olivopontocerebellar atrophy
• Pituitary gland enlargement/diseases (pituitary tumour)
• Pontocerebellar hypoplasias
• Progressive supra nuclear palsy (PCP)- certain parts of the brain are damaged as a result of a build-up of a protein called tau
• Tuberous sclerosis
• Vascular malformations of the brain
• Vestibular schwannomas-[benign tumour that develops on the balance (vestibular) and hearing, or auditory (cochlear) nerves leading from your inner ear to the brain]
• ‘Water in the brain’:
  • Hydrocephalus:
    • Condition in which abnormally widened (dilated) cerebral spaces in the brain (ventricles) inhibit the normal flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
    • The cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the skull and puts pressure on the brain tissue.
    • An enlarged head in infants and increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure are frequent findings but are not necessary for the diagnosis of hydrocephalus.
    • Several different forms of hydrocephalus: communicating hydrocephalus, non-communicating hydrocephalus or obstructive hydrocephalus, internal hydrocephalus, normal pressure hydrocephalus, and benign hydrocephalus.
    • Chiari malformations
    • Chromosome 6 Ring
    • Chromosome 7, Partial Monosomy 7p
    • Chromosome 9, Tetrasomy 9p
    • Chromosome 13, Partial Monosomy 13q
    • Chromosome 15, Distal Trisomy 15q
    • Congenital type 1 plasminogen deficiency
    • Encephaloceles
    • Frontonasal dysplasia
    • Hajdu-Cheney syndrome
    • Holoprosencephaly
    • Meckel-Gruber syndrome
    • Medulloblastoma
    • Meningioma
    • Mosaic trisomy 9
    • Multiple sulfatase deficiency
    • Shprintzen Goldberg syndrome
    • Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome
    • Sporadic porencephaly
    • Trisomy 13 Syndrome
• Achondroplasia
• Agenesis of corpus callosum
  • Chromosome 6 Ring
  • Chromosome 11, Partial Trisomy 11q
  • Chromosome 13, Partial Monosomy 13q
  • FG syndrome type 1
  • Frontonasal dysplasia
  • Malan syndrome
• Alpha-mannosidosis
• Dandy-Walker syndrome
  • Condition is characterized by cystic malformation and expansion of one of the cavities in the brain (fourth ventricle).
  • It is usually associated with an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the skull (hydrocephalus), resulting in increased fluid pressure, a rapid increase in head size, abnormal prominence of the back region of the head (occiput), and/or other associated findings.
  • Frontonasal dysplasia
  • Mosaic trisomy 9
• Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration
• PMM2-CDG
• VACTERL with hydrocephalus
• Lhermitte-Dulclos disease
• Osteopetrosis
• PLA2G6-associated neurodegeneration
• Medulloblastoma (tumour at the base of the skull just above the brainstem)
  • Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (Gorlin syndrome or Gorlin-Goltz syndrome)
• Autosomal dominant porencephaly type I (fluid-filled cysts and cavities develop on the surface of the brain)
• Aneurysm
• CADASIL
• Tumour
  • Craniopharyngiomas – benign tumours that grow near the pituitary gland
  • Diencephalic syndrome
• Other cancers that have spread to the brain
• Radiation exposure
• Pesticide exposure
• Maybe chemical exposure
• Maybe air pollution
• HIV/AIDS
• Overweight (BMI greater than 30)
• History of seizures
• High or low birthweight
• Poor diet during pregnancy (eating more cured and processed meats containing nitrites rather than healthy vegetables and  pregnant suitable multivitamins supplements)
• Alzheimer’s disease/dementia
• Dementia (vascular)
• Amyloidosis
• Erdheim-Chester disease
• Neurofibromatosis 1 (von Recklinghausen’s disease)
• Neurofibromatosis type II
  • Ring chromosome 22 (long eye lashes)
• SETBP1 haploinsufficiency disorder
• Subacute cerebellar degeneration
• Sporadic porencephaly
• Sturge-Weber disease
• Superficial siderosis (loss of smell and taste, upward movement of big toe)
• Syringobulbia (loss of feelings of pain and temperature in the face, muscle contraction of tongue)
• Trisomy-18 (Edwards syndrome)

Syndromes

• Acrocephalopolysyndactyly disorders (Apert syndrome, Pfeiffer syndrome, Chotzen syndrome, Carpenter syndrome)
• Acrocallosal syndrome
• Aicardi-Goutières syndrome
• Antiphospholipid/Hughes syndrome  (brain, respiratory, kidney, skin)
• Cerebellar agenesis
  • Meckel-Gruber syndrome
• Coffin-Siris syndrome
• Cowden’s syndrome
• Xeroderma Pigmentosum (De Sanctis-Cacchione syndrome) (blistering of skin)
• Dandy-Walker syndrome
  • Condition is characterized by cystic malformation and expansion of one of the cavities in the brain (fourth ventricle).
  • It is usually associated with an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the skull (hydrocephalus), resulting in increased fluid pressure, a rapid increase in head size, abnormal prominence of the back region of the head (occiput), and/or other associated findings.
  • Fryns syndrome
  • PHACE syndrome
• Froehlich syndrome (Damage to the hypothalamus, the hypothalamus regulates sleep cycles and body temperature and composition while stimulating the pituitary gland to release a variety of hormones that control growth, metabolism and body development)
• Jackson-Weiss syndrome
• KAT6A syndrome
• Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (Gorlin syndrome or Gorlin-Goltz syndrome)
• Laurence-Moon syndrome
• L1 syndrome
• Li-Fraumeni syndrome – a rare disorder that greatly increases the risk of developing several types of cancer, particularly in children and young adults)
• Lissencephaly type 1 (Miller-Dieker syndrome and Norman-Roberts syndrome)
• Lynch syndrome
• Marfan syndrome
• Malan syndrome
• Marinesco-Sjögren syndrome
• Megalencephaly-capillary malformation syndrome
• Neu-Laxova syndrome
• Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (Gorlin syndrome or Gorlin-Goltz syndrome)
• Nevus sebaceus syndrome
• Oculocerebrocutaneous syndrome
• Otopalatodigital syndromes type I and II
• Paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes
• PHACE syndrome
• Proteus syndrome
• Reye syndrome [distinctive, fatty changes of the liver and sudden (acute) swelling of the brain – aspirin related to those under 18 years old]
• Susac syndrome
• Turner syndrome
• Turcot syndrome
• Warburg Micro syndrome
• Walker-Warburg syndrome
• Wyburn-Mason syndrome
• Weaver Syndrome
• Wildervanck syndrome
  • Abnormal union or fusion of two or more bones of the spinal column (vertebrae) within the neck (Klippel-Feil syndrome)
  • Impairment or absence of certain eye (ocular) movements (Duane syndrome)
  • Hearing impairment

Medication

• NSAIDS

Cause

• Brain injury due to trauma
• Breathing conditions
• Cardiovascular disorders
• Degenerative disorders
• Infections:
  • Septicaemia
  • Encephalitis
  • Meningitis

Concussion

• This condition can have similar symptoms to a concussion i.e. blow to head
• Hear a ‘thunder clap’ in one head and/or stroke and/or behaviour and/or mood changes, memory loss or any other symptoms in this chapter – do not wait, seek urgent medical attention.
• Rest and reduce screen time.
• Any head injury relevant assessments must be preformed with in 72 hours.
• If symptoms persist after initial check up, seek medical attention.
• Symptoms include:
  • Behaviour and/or mood changes
  • Memory loss
  • Difficult in learning things
  • Balance issues
  • Shaking
  • Uncontrolled movements and/or  jerk movements
  • Speech issues

Lay the patient down and raise their legs gradually and slowly. Call for an ambulance.

• Injury:
  • Injuries to your face, head, neck or spine.
    • A common example of this is injuries from car crashes.
    • The most likely injuries involve your nose, sinuses, ears, temples or the base (bottom) of your skull
    • Twisting or severe whiplash can also cause tears that leak CSF fluid near your spinal cord
  • Penetrating injuries (like puncture or stab wounds, gunshot wounds)
  • Injuries from brain surgery
  • Injuries from ear, nose and throat medical procedures.
  • Injuries from medical procedures on or around your spine, such as epidural anesthesia and spinal taps (lumbar punctures).
  • Bone spurs along the spine
  • Abnormalities of the dura mater around the nerve roots in the spine
  • Abnormal connections between dura mater and veins (CSF-venous fistulas)
  • Poorly functioning shunt
  • Malformations of the inner ear
• Minor events:
  • Sneezing
  • Coughing
  • Straining to have a bowel movement
  • Lifting heavy objects
  • Falling
  • Stretching
  • Exercise
• Non-injury (not proven)
  • Connective tissue disorders that could cause a weakness in the layers of tissue that should contain the CSF (examples include Marfan syndrome and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome).
  • Intracranial hypertension (high pressure inside your skull), which can cause tears in the surrounding tissue, creating a leak.
  • Pseudotumor cerebri (false brain tumors).
  • Obesity (especially class II or class III obesity).
  • Having a previous surgery on or around the skull
  • Obstructive sleep apnoea
  • Head trauma
  • Tumor at the skull base
  • Abnormalities of the skull base or inner ear
  • Structural defects in how your nose, sinuses or other parts of your skull formed (either that you had when you were born or that developed or happened at some point in your life)
• Infection
• Brain tumours

• Severe/crushing skeletal muscle Injury (crush syndrome)
• Extensive burns that cause muscle damage
• Overexertion (exercise)
• Any condition where one can’t remove heat from their body:
  • Heat rash (Millaria)
  • Miliaria Profunda
  • Miliaria Pustulosa (Rubra)
  • Heat stroke
  • Heart exhaustion
• Malignant hyperthermia
• RYR1-related diseases
• Very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency
• Not being able to move for a prolonged period of time
• Infections:
  • Bacterial and/or blood infections i.e.
    • Sepsis
    • Tetanus
    • Legionella pneumophila
    • Salmonella (bacterial gastroenteritis)
  • Protozoa:
    • Plasmodium falciparum(malaria)

• • Fungal
    • Fungal mould
    • Fungal mushrooms (Russula subnigricans and Tricholoma equestre)
  • Viral:
    • Primary HIV infection
    • Coxsackie virus
    • Influenza A virus and influenza B virus (cold and flu infection)
    • Epstein-Barr virus
    • Herpes viruses (herpes infection)
• Heat stroke or overexertion in extreme environments (or conditions causing heat/fever to be generated)
• Hypothermia
• Electrolyte disorders, especially those affecting potassium and calcium
• Inherited, caused by genetic conditions such as muscle disorders and weakness
  • Those who lack cellular enzymes (they are particular vulnerable if the they have an infection) for example:
  • A carnitine deficiency
  • McArdle’s disease
  • Lactate dehydrogenase deficiency
  • Duchenne muscular dystrophy
• Hypothyroidism
• Hyperthyroidism
• kidney disease or disorders
• Problems with metabolism of:
  • Lipids or fats
  • Carbohydrates
  • Purines, which are in certain foods, such as sardines, liver, asparagus
• Heart attack or stroke, which can lead to muscle injury and not being able to move
• Sickle cell anaemia
• Inflammatory Red, hot and swollen muscle conditions:
  • Polymyositis
  • Dermatomyositis
• Lack of blood flow to arms and legs (Blood circulation disorders)
• Vascular or cardiac surgery, which often causes muscle damage and requires long periods of immobilization during and after it
• Exposure to toxins
• Reptile bite
• Insect venom
• Carbon monoxide
• Haff disease is rhabdomyolysis after consuming fish
• High alcohol consumption
• Delirium tremens (alcohol withdrawal)
• Prolonged seizures and/or epilepsy
• Anuresym
• High level of caffeine
• Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state
• High sodium levels
• Low sodium levels
• Hypokalemia (low potassium levels)
• TANGO2 deficiency
• Hypocalcemia (low calcium levels)
• Hypophosphatemia (low phosphate levels)
• Ketoacidosis (i.e. in diabetic ketoacidosis)

Syndromes

• Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome

Illicit drugs

• Illicit drug use
• Cocaine overdose
• Heroin overdose
• Amphetamines
• Ecstasy
• LSD

Medication

• Statins (cholesterol)
• Anti-pychotics medication (which can cause severe muscle rigidity with rhabdomyolysis and high fever)
• Ephedrine (found in decongestants)
• Caffeine containing products (i.e. painkillers)
• Neuromuscular blocking agents used in anaesthesia may result in malignant hyperthermia, also associated with rhabdomyolysis
• Medications that cause serotonin syndrome i.e. SSRIs
• Medications that interfere with potassium levels, such as diuretics
• Cyclosporin
• Erythromycin
• Colchicine (gout)

Vitamins, herbals and minerals

• Dietary supplements or weight-loss supplements:
  • Ephedra toxicity
  • Creatinine toxicity

• • Creatinine toxicity

• Dehydration
• Lack of urination (12-24 hours after muscle damage)
• Kidney failure
• High blood potassium
• Low blood calcium
• Disseminated intravascular coagulation (a severe disruption in blood clotting that may lead to uncontrollable bleeding)
• Compartment syndrome (painful and potentially serious condition caused by bleeding or swelling within an enclosed bundle of muscles)
• Low blood pressure especially after muscle injury
• Shock especially after muscle injury:
  • Rapid heart rate (rapid pulse)
  • Rapid breathing
  • Dilated pupils
  • Pale, cool skin
  • Sweating (diaphoresis)

Seek immediate medical attention as soon as symptoms occur or if the condition is suspected

Complications can occur  to the following:

• Adults especially those who smoke
• Newborn babies under four weeks old
• Persons with a weakened immune system (the body’s defence system) and those taking medication that make the immune system weak.

 This condition can lead to:

• Erythema Multiforme
• Skin infections
• Cellulitis
• Impetigo
• Facial pain (it affects the trigeminal ganglion-nerve) and eye pain (the ophthalmic branch nerve)
• Postherpetic neuralgia (Nerve pain and itching after shingles)- the virus attacks the nerve fibres:
  • Constant or intermittent burning, aching, throbbing, stabbing, or shooting pain
  • Allodynia (Feel pain from something that should not be painful, such as changes in temperature or the wind)
  • Hyperalgesia (Sensitive to pain)

If shingles spreads to eye (Hutchinson’s sign):

• Eye ulcer
• Glaucoma
• Keratitis
• Severe conjunctivitis (pink eye)
• Uveitis

If shingles spreads to eye and ear:

• Ramsay-Hunt syndrome

Others:

• Hyperprolactinaemia

Be aware of the following symptoms:

• Pneumonia
• Bacterial tracheitis (can occur 2- 5 days after initial viral infection):

• • High fever
  • Deep severe cough
  • Difficulty breathing
  • Wheezing
  • Nasal flaring
  • Cyanosis, a blue tinge to their skin

• Encephalitis
• Meningitis
• Seizures

• Furious Rabies:
  • Aggressive behaviour (bouts of terror)?
  • Paranoia and/or hallucinations?
  • Hydrophobia (one is thirsty but cannot swallow water and/or show panic when presented with fluids to drink i.e. water)?
  • Sore throat muscle spasm?
  • Fear of water (causing throat muscle spasm)?
  • Hallucination?
  • Delusions?
  • Sustain erection (men)?
  • Hair on skin stands up?

And/or

• Dump Rabies
  • Muscle weakness?
  • Muscle paralysis?
  • Sore throat spasms (rare)?

• One can’t stop the bleeding longer than 15 min after apply pressure?
• Balance and dizziness problems?
• Cut is long and/or deep and/or does not close upon body movement?
• If anything deep embedded in the skin?
• Animal bite and/or human bite and/or sharp blade/ and/or puncture wound and are experiencing skin infection symptoms?
• Bleeding from an artery – blood from an artery comes out in spurts with each beat of the heart, and is bright red and usually hard to control?
• One experience persistent or significant loss of sensation near the wound or you’re having trouble moving any body parts?
• Severe cut to your face – urgent treatment required in prevent scarring?
• Cut on genitals?
• Cut on the palm of one’s hand and it looks infected?
• Possibility a foreign body is still inside the wound (glass)?
• One has had a puncture wound (knife, blade ,sharp object)?
• One has been shot by a gun and/or pistol?
• The wound is very large or the injury has caused a lot of tissue damage and/or fat /muscle or bone is visible due to burn and/or wound?
• Red streaks near the wound and/or showing sign of septicaemia?

• How to treat Burns and Scalds

First aid for burns

If serious, call for an ambulance for emergency medical help.

• Stop the burning process as soon as possible.
• This may mean removing the person from the area, dousing flames with water, or smothering flames with a blanket (Don’t use ice, creams or gels – they can damage tissues and increase risk of infection).
• Remove any clothing or jewellery near the burnt area of skin.
• However, don’t try to remove anything that’s stuck to the burnt skin as this could cause more damage.
• Cool the burn with cool or lukewarm running water (not cold or refrigerated) for 20 minutes, as soon as possible after the injury (Don’t use ice, creams or gels – they can damage tissues and increase risk of infection).
• Cover the burn with cling film. Put the cling film in a layer over the burn, rather than wrapping it around a limb or another clean, non-fluffy material, like a clean plastic bag (this will protect from infection).
• Treat the pain from a burn with paracetamol or ibuprofen (if suitable)
• Sit upright as much as possible if the face or eyes are burnt.

NHS Choices and St John’s Ambulance

• Waxy and white colour skin?
• Charred (black) skin?
• Dark brown/black coloured skin?
• Raised and leathery texture skin?
• Blisters that do not develop?
• Widespread thickness with a white, leathery appearance?
• One may have no pain as it has damaged the nerves?

Do not wait phone for ambulance if have or develop:

• Sepsis
• Low blood pressure
• Shock:
  • Rapid heart rate (rapid pulse)
  • Rapid breathing
  • Dilated pupils
  • Pale, cool skin
  • Sweating (diaphoresis)
  • Yawning
• If shock occurs (whilst awaiting for an ambulance):
  • Lay the person down (if their injuries allow it) and raise and support their legs
  • Use a coat or blanket to keep them warm, but do not cover their face or the burnt area
  • Do not give them anything to eat or drink

  • How to Treat Shock

• Anaphylaxis (severe allergic reaction)
• Angioedema (swelling of any sort)Bleeding from any orifice
• Compartment syndrome
• Rhabdomyolysis (Crush syndrome)
• Pins and needles and/or numbness and/or paralysis to any part of the body
• Necrotising Fasciitis (skin turning black)
• Nausea and/or vomiting and/or diarrhoea
• Rabies
• Cat scratch disease (Parinaud Oculoglandular syndrome)
• Diphtheria (rare)

• Animal bite has broken through the skin and bleeding has not stopped after applying pressure greater than 15 minutes.
• Intense fever, heat, swelling, redness, pus –like discharge within 24 hours of bite.
• If a person has a weak immune system
• Get a tetanus immunisation especially if it was greater than five years ago or if one can’t remember when it was done.
• Human bites: Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C and a H.I.V test should be considered.
• All human bites: Any superficial wounds without underlying fractures or tissue compromise, particularly on the face or scalp, immediate primary closure can be considered to optimize cosmetic outcomes.
• Showing signs/symptoms of rabies.

Do not wait phone for ambulance if have or develop:

• Sepsis
• Low blood pressure
• Shock:
  • Rapid heart rate (rapid pulse)
  • Rapid breathing
  • Dilated pupils
  • Pale, cool skin
  • Sweating (diaphoresis)
  • Yawning
• If shock occurs (whilst awaiting for an ambulance):
  • Lay the person down (if their injuries allow it) and raise and support their legs
  • Use a coat or blanket to keep them warm, but do not cover their face or the burnt area
  • Do not give them anything to eat or drink

  • How to Treat Shock

• Anaphylaxis (severe allergic reaction)
• Angioedema (swelling of any sort)Bleeding from any orifice
• Compartment syndrome
• Rhabdomyolysis (Crush syndrome)
• Pins and needles and/or numbness and/or paralysis to any part of the body
• Necrotising Fasciitis (skin turning black)
• Nausea and/or vomiting and/or diarrhoea
• Rabies
• Cat scratch disease (Parinaud Oculoglandular syndrome)
• Diphtheria (rare)

• Animal bite has broken through the skin and bleeding has not stopped after applying pressure greater than 15 minutes.
• Intense fever, heat, swelling, redness, pus –like discharge within 24 hours of bite.
• If a person has a weak immune system
• Get a tetanus immunisation especially if it was greater than five years ago or if one can’t remember when it was done.
• Human bites: Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C and a H.I.V test should be considered.
• All human bites: Any superficial wounds without underlying fractures or tissue compromise, particularly on the face or scalp, immediate primary closure can be considered to optimize cosmetic outcomes.
• Showing signs/symptoms of rabies.

Do not wait phone for ambulance if have or develop:

• Sepsis
• Low blood pressure
• Shock:
  • Rapid heart rate (rapid pulse)
  • Rapid breathing
  • Dilated pupils
  • Pale, cool skin
  • Sweating (diaphoresis)
  • Yawning
• If shock occurs (whilst awaiting for an ambulance):
  • Lay the person down (if their injuries allow it) and raise and support their legs
  • Use a coat or blanket to keep them warm, but do not cover their face or the burnt area
  • Do not give them anything to eat or drink

  • How to Treat Shock

• Anaphylaxis (severe allergic reaction)
• Angioedema (swelling of any sort)Bleeding from any orifice
• Compartment syndrome
• Rhabdomyolysis (Crush syndrome)
• Pins and needles and/or numbness and/or paralysis to any part of the body
• Necrotising Fasciitis (skin turning black)
• Nausea and/or vomiting and/or diarrhoea

• Breathe fast and/or uncontrolled breathing and/or shallow breathing initially and then Longer deeper breaths than usual and/or Slow breathing/panic breathing/breathing loudly (exaggerated sighing- Kussmaul breathing)?

• Find out what they have taken, when and how much.
• Do not make them sick.

• How To Treat Poisoning, Signs & Symptoms

Cause

• Overdose of medication
• Cyanide poisoning
• Arsenic poisoning
• Animal bites
• Spiders Bites
• Snake bites;
  • Snakes in the world
• Poisonous mushrooms:
  • Mushroom Guides
• Poisonous Mushrooms
• Stings and plants:
  • Poisonous Plants

• Exposed to or used:
  • Household cleaning products
  • Chemicals/Chemical weapons
  • Plant food
  • Weed killers
  • Slug pellets
  • Paints
  • Solvents
  • Firelighters
  • Toiletries
  • Hair dyes
  • Nail polish remover
• Carbon monoxide:
  • Poor ventilation
  • Wood-burning stoves
  • House fires
  • Vehicle exhaust fumes
  • Gas or propane stoves and grills
  • Charcoal grills and hibachis
  • Unvented propane, kerosene, or gas space heaters
  • Gas-powered electrical generators
  • Gas clothes dryers
• Metals (Silica, Beryllium, Lead)

Not recommended:

• Removal of venom using a device or oral suction
• Cutting into the wound
• Packing the wound in ice, applying a tourniquet to an affected limb
• Consuming alcohol.
• Victims and emergency medical service providers should be discouraged from bringing in the snake because even a dead snake can envenomate, instead if possible take a picture instead to identify the snake.

Recommended:

• Conservative management, such as calming the patient and immobilising the victim and injured area (at the level of the heart).

Plos

Do not wait phone for ambulance if have or develop:

• Sepsis
• Low blood pressure
• Shock:
  • Rapid heart rate (rapid pulse)
  • Rapid breathing
  • Dilated pupils
  • Pale, cool skin
  • Sweating (diaphoresis)
  • Yawning
• If shock occurs (whilst awaiting for an ambulance):
  • Lay the person down (if their injuries allow it) and raise and support their legs
  • Use a coat or blanket to keep them warm, but do not cover their face or the burnt area
  • Do not give them anything to eat or drink

  • How to Treat Shock

• Anaphylaxis (severe allergic reaction)
• Angioedema (swelling of any sort)Bleeding from any orifice
• Compartment syndrome
• Rhabdomyolysis (Crush syndrome)
• Pins and needles and/or numbness and/or paralysis to any part of the body
• Necrotising Fasciitis (skin turning black)
• Nausea and/or vomiting and/or diarrhoea

• Breathe fast and/or uncontrolled breathing and/or shallow breathing initially and then Longer deeper breaths than usual and/or Slow breathing/panic breathing/breathing loudly (exaggerated sighing- Kussmaul breathing)?

• Find out what they have taken, when and how much.
• Do not make them sick.

• How To Treat Poisoning, Signs & Symptoms

Cause

• Overdose of medication
• Cyanide poisoning
• Arsenic poisoning
• Animal bites
• Spiders Bites
• Snake bites;
  • Snakes in the world
• Poisonous mushrooms:
  • Mushroom Guides
• Poisonous Mushrooms
• Stings and plants:
  • Poisonous Plants

• Exposed to or used:
  • Household cleaning products
  • Chemicals/Chemical weapons
  • Plant food
  • Weed killers
  • Slug pellets
  • Paints
  • Solvents
  • Firelighters
  • Toiletries
  • Hair dyes
  • Nail polish remover
• Carbon monoxide:
  • Poor ventilation
  • Wood-burning stoves
  • House fires
  • Vehicle exhaust fumes
  • Gas or propane stoves and grills
  • Charcoal grills and hibachis
  • Unvented propane, kerosene, or gas space heaters
  • Gas-powered electrical generators
  • Gas clothes dryers
• Metals (Silica, Beryllium, Lead)

Not recommended:

• Removal of venom using a device or oral suction
• Cutting into the wound
• Packing the wound in ice, applying a tourniquet to an affected limb
• Consuming alcohol.
• Victims and emergency medical service providers should be discouraged from bringing in the snake because even a dead snake can envenomate, instead if possible take a picture instead to identify the snake.

Recommended:

• Conservative management, such as calming the patient and immobilising the victim and injured area (at the level of the heart).

Plos