Yellow Fever | Medtick
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Yellow Fever

What is it?

A serious viral condition from a mosquito bite called Aedes aegypti found in the countries below (some countries may not have the disease, but require person to have yellow fever vaccinations and/or certain entry requirements):

General:

Nathnac

Transmission

This condition can spread to others via mosquitos bite, the virus can be present in the blood. If a mosquito bites the infected person during the first seven days of illness, it can become infected and transmit the virus to others (when one has symptoms of the disease in the first seven days after fever starts), it is essential to those with the disease to protect themselves from mosquito bites and prevent transmission to others.

Diagnosis tests

  • Blood tests
    • Low white blood cell count (leukopenia)
    • Low platelet count (thrombocytopenia)
    • Abnormal clotting tests
  • Liver tests
  • Yellow Fever IgG Antibody Test
  • Yellow Fever IgM Antibody Test
  • RT-PCR (Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction) – accurate wwhen symptoms are starting
  • Plaque Reduction Neutralization Test (PRNT)
  • Viral Isolation

Countries affected are:

Caribbean

  • Antigua and Barbuda
  • Aruba
  • Bahamas
  • Barbados
  • Bonaire
  • Cuba
  • Dominica
  • Dominican Republic
  • Grenada
  • Guadeloupe
  • Haiti
  • Jamaica
  • Martinique
  • Montserrat
  • Saint Barthelemy (French Territorial Collectivity)
  • Saint Kitts and Nevis
  • Saint Lucia
  • Saint Martin (French Territorial Collectivity)
  • Sint Eustatius
  • Sint Maarten
  • Trinidad and Tobago

Central  America

  • Belize
  • Costa Rica
  • El Salvador
  • Guatemala
  • Honduras
  • Nicaragua
  • Panama

South America

  • Argentina
  • Bolivia
  • Brazil
  • Colombia
  • Ecuador (Galapagos Islands)
  • French Guiana
  • Guyana
  • Paraguay
  • Peru
  • Suriname
  • Uruguay
  • Venezuela (Margarita Island)

Europe & Russia

  • Albania
  • Malta

Africa

  • Algeria
  • Angola
  • Benin
  • Botswana
  • Burkina Faso
  • Burundi
  • Cameroon
  • Central African Republic
  • Chad
  • Comoros
  • Côte d’Ivoire
  • Democratic Republic of Congo
  • Egypt
  • Equatorial Guinea
  • Eswatini (Swaziland)
  • Ethiopia
  • Gabon
  • Ghana
  • Guinea
  • Guinea-Bissau
  • Kenya
  • Liberia
  • Madagascar
  • Malawi
  • Mali
  • Mauritania
  • Mayotte
  • Mozambique
  • Namibia
  • Niger
  • Nigeria
  • Rwanda
  • Saint Helena
  • São Tomé and Príncipe
  • Senegal
  • Sierra Leone
  • Somalia
  • South Africa
  • South Sudan
  • Sudan
  • Togo
  • United Republic of Tanzania (Zanzibar)
  • Uganda
  • Zambia
  • Zimbabwe

Middle East

  • Bahrain
  • Iran
  • Jordan
  • Oman
  • Saudi Arabia
  • United Arab Emirates (Dubai, Abu Dhabi)

Asia

  • Pakistan
  • Brunei Darussalam
  • Cambodia
  • China
  • North Korea
  • Malaysia (Sarawak, Sabah)
  • Maldives
  • Myanmar
  • Nepal
  • India
  • Sri Lanka
  • Thailand

Australasia and Pacific

  • Australia
  • Christmas Island
  • Fiji
  • French Polynesia
  • New Caledonia
  • Niue
  • Papua New Guinea
  • Pitcairn
  • Samoa
  • Solomon Islands

Diagnosis Tests

  • Serology
  • Viral isolation
  • Nucleic acid amplification

Vaccine

  • A vaccine is available to those travelling to those areas, the LIVE attenuated vaccine (caution in those who have other live vaccines i.e. MMR and those who have a weak immune system including H.I.V and A.I.D’s) against yellow fever reaches 99% immunity within 30 days, most countries want a certificate that you have had the vaccine 10 days before you travel to the endemic areas.
  • If one does not have the vaccine some countries will not let you enter their countries or if you have arrived from an endemic area.
  • Please check before you travel that one is fully vaccinated
Ibuprofen and other NSAIDs can be used under medical supervision, however Ibuprofen and other NSAIDs is not recommended in asthma or asthma type symptoms. Check with your Medical doctor/Pharmacist when one can have any type of fever reducing medication to make sure it suitable for you.

Cause

  • Virus: Flavivirus (from Aedes aegypti mosquito , the Aedes africanus in Africa or Haemagogus and Sabethes mosquitoes in South America)
  • The mosquitoes transmit the virus by feeding on the blood of an infected person or another primate, such as a monkey, and then biting another person or other primate.
  • A mosquito can pick up the virus if it consumes infected blood right before the human or animal develops a fever and up to five days afterward.

Symptoms

Acute phase, which last from one to four days:

  • Headache which is on and off or a constant headache longer than 24 hours?
  • High temperature greater than 38°C (100°F) or over and/or chills and sweats?
  • Aching, painful muscles, muscle cramps/spasms/stiffness?

Second phase, where 15% sufferers of yellow fever may experience:

  • Recurrent fever?
  • Abdominal pain and/or are constant violently vomiting or vomiting longer than two days (one day if a child), please note: vomiting can be blood stained?
  • Blood in your stools (faces)?

Complications /Information to beware of/General tips:

Medical Emergency Condition

And/or do not wait, phone for an ambulance if have or develop:

  • Liver disease (especially jaundice)
  • Bleeding from any Orifice
  • Confusion
  • Delirium:
    • Problem with attention (This could mean the person is inattentive and does not focus or that he or she can focus on tasks but at the expense of all else — failure to shift attention.)
    • Disorganised thinking (such as not being able to remember things or being confused)
    • Altered level of consciousness (hyper-alertness and on edge, or sluggish, drowsy or withdrawn)
    • Change is sudden and/or does it fluctuate over hours or days
  • Irregular heartbeats
  • Kidney failure
  • Shock:
    • Rapid heart rate (rapid pulse)
    • Rapid breathing
    • Dilated pupils
    • Pale, cool skin
    • Sweating (diaphoresis)
    • Yawning
  • If shock occurs (whilst awaiting for an ambulance):
    • Lay the person down (if their injuries allow it) and raise and support their legs
    • Use a coat or blanket to keep them warm, but do not cover their face or the burnt area
    • Do not give them anything to eat or drink
    • How to Treat Shock
  • Seizures

Vaccine

  • A vaccine is available to those travelling to those areas, the LIVE attenuated vaccine (caution in those who have other live vaccines i.e. MMR and those who have a weak immune system including H.I.V and A.I.D’s) against yellow fever reaches 99% immunity within 30 days, most countries want a certificate that you have had the vaccine 10 days before you travel to the endemic areas.
  • If one does not have the vaccine some countries will not let you enter their countries or if you have arrived from an endemic area.
  • Please check before you travel that one is fully vaccinated.

General tips

  • Wear Permethrin – treated clothes.
  • Use insect/tropical repellent spray including N,N-Diethyl- meta-tolumide (DEET), picaridin, oil of lemon eucalyptus/p-menthane 3,8,diol (PMD).
  • Use window and door screen nets.
  • Use bed nets.

This condition can show similar symptoms to:

Detailed Information

Please copy and paste any key words from the title: Yellow Fever in the following respective 'Medtick References and/or Sources' to find out more about the disease (this also may include diagnosis tests and generic medical treatments).

  • Medical News Today

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  • Medscape (Professional level)

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  • EveryDay Health

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  • Pharmaceutical Journal (Professional level)

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  • NHS

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  • WebMD

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  • Cleveland Clinic

    Pushing the Standards of care.

  • Mayo Clinic

    No.1 Hospital in the Nation (America)

  • Drugs.com

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  • National Organisation of Rare Diseases

    NORD is dedicated to supporting education, elevating care, advancing research, and driving policy for rare diseases.

  • Verywell Health

    Know more. Fell better.

  • Nathnac

    Travel health guidance for health professionals advising travellers and for travellers going overseas from the UK.

  • DR Axe

    Health and fitness news. Recipes, Natural Remedies

  • Better health - NHS

    Healthy changes start with little changes. Whether you want to lose weight, drink less alcohol, get active or quit smoking, you have access to lots of free tools and support through Better Health. You can also find simple ways to lift your mood with Every Mind Matters.

    There has never been a better time to kickstart your health. Let’s do this!

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