Penile cancer - Medtick

Penile cancer

What is it?

Penile cancer is a rare cancer that mostly affects the skin of the penis and the foreskin (the skin covering the head of the penis).

  • The cancer may eventually spread to other areas of the body, including the glands, other organs, and lymph nodes.
Early detection is essential as one does not want the cancer to spread to the lymph nodes

Stages of penile cancer

The stage of the cancer describes how far the cancer has spread.

  • Based on the results of the diagnostic tests, your doctor will determine which stage the cancer is currently in.
  • This will help them determine the best treatment plan for you and allow them to estimate your outlook.

The staging for penile cancer are outlined as follows:

Stage 0

  • Cancer is only on the top layer of the skin.
  • Cancer hasn’t to spread any glands, lymph nodes, or other parts of the body.

Stage 1

  • Cancer has spread into the connective tissue just below the skin.
  • Cancer hasn’t spread to any glands, lymph nodes, or other parts of the body.

Stage 2

  • Cancer has spread to the connective tissue below the skin and to lymph vessels or blood vessels or cells look very different from normal cells, or cancer has spread to erectile tissues or the urethra.
  • Cancer hasn’t spread to any other parts of the body.

Stage 3A

  • Cancer has spread to the connective tissue below the skin and to lymph vessels or blood vessels or cells look very different from normal cells, or cancer has spread to erectile tissues or the urethra.
  • Cancer has spread to one or two lymph nodes in the groin.
  • Cancer hasn’t spread to any other parts of the body.

Stage 3B

  • Cancer has spread to the connective tissue below the skin and to lymph vessels or blood vessels or cells look very different from normal cells, or cancer has spread to erectile tissues or the urethra.
  • Cancer has spread to multiple lymph nodes in the groin.
  • Cancer hasn’t spread to any other parts of the body.

Stage 4

  • Cancer has spread to nearby areas, such as the pubic bone, prostrate, or scrotum, or cancer has spread to other areas and organs of the body.

Healthline


Diagnosis Tests

  • Biopsy
  • Cystoscopy to see if the cancer has spread.
    • cystoscopy is a procedure that involves the use of an instrument called a cystoscope. A cystoscope is a thin tube with a small camera and light at the end.
  • If cancerous, one may need more tests.
    • These tests, along with the tests you’ve already had, will help the specialists find out the size of the cancer and how far it’s spread
    • Scans i.e.
    • Test to see if the lymph nodes in your groin have been affected, which can happen with some penile cancers (called a lymph node biopsy)

Cause

  • HPV
  • Practice poor personal hygiene
  • live in a region with poor sanitation and hygiene practices
  • Are over 50
  • Smoking
  • Weakened immune system i.e. H.I.V/ A.I.D’s
  • Have problems pulling back your foreskin (the skin covering your penis) to keep your penis clean (a condition called phimosis)
  • Smegma
    • Smegma is a substance that forms when dead skin cells, moisture, and oil collect underneath the foreskin.
    •  It forms then a sebaceous secretion in the folds of the skin, especially under a man’s foreskin
    • It may also develop when uncircumcised men fail to clean the area under the foreskin properly.
  • If uncircumcised

Medication

  • Have or had treatment for psoriasis:
    • Medicines called psoralens
    • Ultraviolet (UVA) light source (called PUVA treatment)

Symptoms

(Most cancers of the penis affect the skin covering the penis (foreskin), or the head or tip (glans) of the penis)

  • A growth, lump, mass, or ulcer on the penis or sore that does not heal within 4 weeks?
  • Itching and/or redness and/or irritation on penis?
  • Re-occurring burning and/or pain when urinating?
  • A rash?
  • Bleeding from the penis (urine) or under the foreskin?
  • Penile discharge which can be smelly?
  • Thickening of the skin of the penis or foreskin that makes it difficult to pull back the foreskin (phimosis)?
  • Change in the colour of the skin of your penis or foreskin?
  • Change of appearance of the penis?
  • A lump in the groin/swollen lymph nodes in the groin?
  • General discomfort (muscle weakness), uneasiness or ill feeling (malaise) and/or fatigue (tiredness)?
  • Long term persistent indigestion and/or frequent heartburn and/or constant abdominal pain and swelling?
  • Unexplained weight loss?

Complications /Information to beware of/General tips:

Prevention

  • Protect yourself from getting HPV
  • Use condoms when having any kind of sex, to lower your chances of getting HPV
  • Stop smoking
  • Have a circumcision if this is recommended as treatment for your phimosis
  • Make sure you regularly and thoroughly clean your penis and foreskin

NHS Choices

Please talk to your healthcare professional (i.e. Medical Doctor/Pharmacist) for further advice

Detailed Information

Please copy and paste any key words from the title: Penile cancer in the following respective 'Medtick References and/or Sources' to find out more about the disease (this also may include diagnosis tests and generic medical treatments).

  • NHS

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  • Medscape

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  • Pharmaceutical Journal

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  • Cleveland Clinic

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  • Drugs.com

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  • National Organisation of Rare Diseases

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  • Verywell Health

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