Mucormycosis - Medtick

Mucormycosis

What is it?

Mucormycosis (sometimes called zygomycosis) is a serious but rare fungal infection caused by a group of molds called mucormycetes that mainly affect person:

Types of mucormycosis

Rhinocerebral (sinus and brain) mucormycosis

  • Infection in the sinuses that can spread to the brain.
  • This is most common in people with uncontrolled diabetes and in people who have had a kidney transplant.
  1. Song Y, Qiao J, Giovanni G, Liu G, Yang H, Wu J, Chen J. Mucormycosis in renal transplant recipients: review of 174 reported casesexternal icon. BMC Infect Dis. 2017 Apr; 17(1): 283.
  2. Abdalla A, Adelmann D, Fahal A, Verbrugh H, Van Belkum A, De Hoog S. Environmental occurrence of Madurella mycetomatis, the major agent of human eumycetoma in Sudanexternal icon. J Clin Microbiol. 2002 Mar; 40(3): 1031–1036.

Pulmonary (lung) mucormycosis

  • Common type of mucormycosis in people with cancer and in people who have had an organ transplant or a stem cell transplant.

Gastrointestinal mucormycosis

  • Common among young children than adults.
  • Premature and low-birth-weight infants less than 1 month of age are at risk if they have had antibiotics, surgery, or medications that lower the body’s ability to fight germs and sickness.
  1. Vallabhaneni S, Mody RK. Gastrointestinal mucormycosis in neonates: a reviewexternal icon. Current Fungal Infect Rep. 2015.
  2. Francis JR, Villanueva P, Bryant P, Blyth CC. Mucormycosis in children: review and recommendations for managementexternal icon. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2018 May 15;7(2):159-164.

Cutaneous (skin) mucormycosis

  • fungi enter the body through a break in the skin.
  • This type of infection might occur after a burn, scrape, cut, surgery, or other types of skin trauma. This is the most common form of mucormycosis among people who do not have weakened immune systems.

Disseminated mucormycosis

  • Infection spreads through the bloodstream to affect another part of the body.
  • The infection most commonly affects the brain, but also can affect other organs such as the spleen, heart, and skin.

Diagnosis test

  • Tissue biopsy (small sample of affected tissue is analyzed in a laboratory for evidence of mucormycosis under a microscope or in a fungal culture)
  • Imaging tests such as a CT scan of your lungs, sinuses, or other parts of your body, depending on the location of the suspected infection.
Mucormycosis isn’t contagious, so you can’t get it from an infected person.

If one has the below infections and it has not cleared over the counter treatments and/or antibiotics, the medical doctor should consider the above condition especially if one has a weak immune condition or have a weak immune system or is taking  weak immune causing medication for example corticosteroids.

Cause

  • Rhizopus species, Mucor species,
  • Rhizomucor species, Syncephalastrum species,
  • Cunninghamella bertholletiaeApophysomyces species, and Lichtheimia (formerly Absidia) species

Roden MM, Zaoutis TE, Buchanan WL, Knudsen TA, Sarkisova TA, Schaufele RL, et al. 

Epidemiology and outcome of zygomycosis: a review of 929 reported casesexternal icon.

Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Sep 1;41(5):634-53.

Inhaling spores from:

  • Undisturbed Soil
  • Decaying organic matter i.e. leaves, compost piles, or rotten wood.
  • Animal dung

Treatments

  • Kidney dialysis
  • Organ transplant
  • Stem cell transplant

Illicit drugs

Symptoms

Rhinocerebral (sinus and brain) mucormycosis:

  • One-sided facial swelling?
  • High temperature greater than 38°C (100°F) or over and/or chills and sweats?
  • Headache which is ‘on and off’ longer than a week or a constant headache longer than 24 hours?
  • Runny nose, congestion, loss of smell and/or cold not cleared by over the counter medication or greater than three weeks?
  • Black lesions on nasal bridge or upper inside of mouth that quickly become more severe?

Eye mucormycosis:

  • Swelling due to fluid buildup around the eyes (periorbital edema)?
  • Bulging or displacement of the eye (proptosis)?
  • Vision loss?
  • Paralysis or weakness of the muscles that move the eyes (ophthalmoplegia), making it difficult or painful to move the eyes?

Pulmonary (lung) mucormycosis:

  • High temperature greater than 38°C (100°F) or over and/or chills and sweats longer than 72 hours?
  • At first a persistent dry cough which has now become a chesty cough with yellow/green and/or blood stained phlegm (rare)?
  • Dry cough longer than three weeks and/or breathing difficulties/and/or persistent hiccups?
  • Chest pain?

Gastrointestinal mucormycosis:

  • Abdominal pain and/or are constant violently vomiting or vomiting longer than two days/ one day (if child)?
  • Nausea and vomiting?
  • Gastrointestinal bleeding (blood like coffee grounds, or blood mixed in faeces) – Medical Emergency?
  • Rectal pain and/or bleeding?

Cutaneous (skin) mucormycosis (medical emergency)

  • Blisters or ulcers, and the infected area may turn black?
  • Bleed and bruise easily (or appears like bruising and bleeding)?
  • Pain at site?
  • Warmth at site?
  • Excessive redness, or swelling around a wound at site?

Complications /Information to beware of/General tips:

Medical Emergency Condition

Do not wait, phone for an ambulance


This condition can lead to (if untreated):

  • Brain infection
    • Lethargy (tiredness)
    • Slurred speech,
    • Partial paralysis (of the face) abnormalities of the nerves of the face and eyes (cranial neuropathies) Brain abscess
    • Altered consciousness
  • Change of mood and behaviour
  • Severe dizziness
  • Body paralysis
  • Pneumonia
  • Seizures
  • Peritonitis

If one has the below infections and it has not cleared over the counter treatments and/or antibiotics, the medical doctor should consider the above condition especially if one has a weak immune condition or have a weak immune system or is taking  weak immune causing medication for example corticosteroids.


This condition may show similar symptoms to:

Please talk to your healthcare professional (i.e. Medical Doctor/Pharmacist) for further advice

Detailed Information

Please copy and paste any key words from the title: Mucormycosis in the following respective 'Medtick References and/or Sources' to find out more about the disease (this also may include diagnosis tests and generic medical treatments).

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  • Drugs.com

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  • National Organisation of Rare Diseases

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  • Verywell Health

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  • DR Axe

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References

  • https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/mucormycosis/diagnosis.html
  • https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/mucormycosis