Respiratory Disease

Acute upper airway disease:

• Anaphylaxis (Medical Emergency)
• Croup (laryngotracheitis)- (Medical Emergency)
• Epiglottis (Medical Emergency)
• Foreign body in the upper airways
• Laryngomalacia  (Medical Emergency)
• Tracheal stenosis or tracheomalacia (Medical Emergency)
• Tracheobronchomalacia
• Vocal cords in respiratory
• Nasal/sinus infection

Obstructive lung disease

• Obstructive lung diseases are characterized by an obstruction in the air passages, with obstruction defined by exhalation that is slower and shallower than in someone without the disease.
• Obstruction can occur when inflammation and swelling cause the airways to become narrowed or blocked, making it difficult to expel air from the lungs.
• This results in an abnormally high volume of air being left in the lungs (i.e., increased residual volume). This leads to both the trapping of air and hyperinflation of the lungs—changes that contribute to a worsening of respiratory symptoms.
• Symptoms include:
  • Lungs may feel always full or part full
  • Wheezing
  • Mucus production

• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
• Chronic bronchitis
• Asthma
• Bronchiectasis
• Bronchiolitis
• Cystic fibrosis
• Multiple sulfatase deficiency

Restrictive lung disease

• Restrictive conditions are defined by inhalation that fills the lungs far less than would be expected in a healthy person.
• Restrictive lung diseases are characterized by a reduced total lung capacity or the total of residual volume combined with the forced vital capacity (the amount of air that can be exhaled forcefully after taking a deep breath).
• This occurs because of difficulty filling the lungs completely in the first place.
• Restrictive lung diseases can be due to intrinsic, extrinsic, and/or neurological factors.
• Symptoms include:
  • Feels hard to breathe enough air
  • Breathing difficulties may cause panic
  • May change positions to attempt to make it easier to breathe (extrinsic cases)
• Multiple sulfatase deficiency

Intrinsic Restrictive Lung Diseases

Intrinsic restrictive disorders are those that occur due to restriction in the lungs (often a “stiffening” effect

• Pneumonia
• Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
• Mesothelioma
• Tuberculosis
• Sarcoidosis
• Pulmonary fibrosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
• Lobectomy and pneumonectomy (lung cancer surgery)

Extrinsic Restrictive Lung Diseases

Refer to those conditions that originate outside of the lungs.

• Scoliosis
• Obesity
• Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome- extra weight on your chest and belly can make it hard for your chest to expand
• Pleural effusion (water in the lung) (Medical Emergency)
• Lung cancer
• Ascites (liver disease)
• Pleurisy (Medical Emergency)
• Rib fractures

Neurological Restrictive Lung Diseases

Neurological restrictive disorders are those caused by disorders of the central nervous system that interfere with movements necessary to draw air into the lungs.

• Neurological conditions affecting the lungs
• Muscle disorders affecting the lungs
• Muscle dystrophy
• Paralysis of the diaphragm
• Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS or Lou Gehrig’s Disease)
• Guillain-Barré syndrome
• Myasthenia gravis

One can have a combination of obstructive and restrictive conditions above

Results:

Diagnosis and tests to determine respiratory disease obstructive and restrictive lung conditions:

For further information visit:

https://www.verywellhealth.com/obstructive-and-restrictive-lung-diseases-914741

Lung Diseases Affecting the upper Airways

Your windpipe (trachea) branches into tubes called bronchi, which in turn become smaller tubes throughout your lungs. Diseases that can affect these airways include:

• Acute  bronchitis
• Asthma
• Bronchiectasis
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
• Chronic bronchitis
• Emphysema
• Chest infection
• Dry cough infection
• Cold and flu infection
• Cystic fibrosis
• Lymphangioleiomyomatosis

Lung Diseases Affecting the Air Sacs (Alveoli)- lower airways

Your airways branch into tiny tubes (bronchioles) that end in clusters of air sacs called alveoli. These air sacs make up most of your lung tissue. Lung diseases affecting your alveoli include:

• Acute respiratory distress syndrome
• Bronchilolitis (mainly babies)
• Emphysema
• Lung cancer
• Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia (Carrington’s disease)
• Organizing pneumonia
• Pneumonia
• Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis
• Pulmonary oedema (Medical Emergency)
• Tuberculosis
• Pneumoconiosis–conditions caused by inhaling something that injures your lungs.
  • Asbestosis 

Lung Diseases Affecting the Interstitium -lower airways

The interstitium is the thin, delicate lining between your alveoli. Tiny blood vessels run through the interstitium and let gas transfer between the alveoli and your blood. Various lung diseases affect the interstitium:

• Interstitial lung disease:
  • Sarcoidosis (affects eyes, ears, respiratory, heart, stomach , abdominal, kidney liver, muscles, nerves)
  • Pulmonary fibrosis
  • Antisynthetase syndrome
  • COPA syndrome (interstitial lung scarring disease, arthritis and kidney disease)
  • Any autoimmune disease that affects the lungs
• Organizing pneumonia
• Pneumonia
• Pulmonary oedema (Medical Emergency)

Lung affecting blood vessels:

• Pulmonary embolism (blood clots in lung)
• Pulmonary Hypertension ((high pressure in the lungs)
• Polycythemia vera
• Blood disorders
• Pulmonary artery stenosis (heart defect)

Miscellaneous

• Adult Still’s disease
• Atelectasis
• Alpha1-Antitrypsin Deficiency
• Amyloidosis
• Castleman disease
• Chronic granulomatous disease
• Costochronditis
• Cramp
• Diffuse pulmonary lymphangiomatosis
• Erdheim-Chester disease
• Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome (muscle pain and breathing problems, hair loss)
• Familial Mediterranean Fever
• Huntingdon Disease
• Kaposi’s sarcoma
• Lysosomal Lipid Storage and/or Lysosomal Lipid Metabolism Disorders and/or Mucopolysaccharides Metabolism Disorders (Mucopolysaccharidoses)
• Lung transplant
• Metabolic acidosis
• Metabolic alkalosis
• Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
• Paragonimus (Eating Raw or undercooked Crab , Crayfish and other mammals)
• Progeria disease
• Pneumothorax (Medical Emergency)
• Primary ciliary dyskinesia
• Respiratory failure
• Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency
• Rheumatoid Arthritis (rheumatoid lung, where one has nodules in the lung)
• Scleroderma (Crest syndrome)
• Scoliosis
• Sickle cell disease
• SIADH
• Tardive dyskinesia

Syndromes 

• Activated phosphoinositide 3-kinase delta syndrome (APDS)
• Adam-Oliver syndrome
• Antiphospholipid/Hughes syndrome  (brain, respiratory, kidney, skin)
• Caplan syndrome
• Cerebrocostomandibular syndrome
• Churg-strauss syndrome
• Congenital  Rubella syndrome
• DiGeorge Syndrome
• Eisenmenger’s Syndrome
• Goodpasteur’s syndrome (affect ear, respiratory, kidney)
• Kartengener’s syndrome
• Klippel-Feil syndrome
• Mallaroy-Weiss syndrome
• Newborn Respiratory distress syndrome
• Pancoast syndrome
• Proteus syndrome
• Respiratory distress syndrome
• Schwartz-Jampel Syndrome
• Smith Lemli Opitz syndrome
• Spondylothoracic dysplasia (Lavy-Moseley syndrome, Jarcho-Levin syndrome)
• Tietze’s syndrome
• Williams-Beuren syndrome
• Wolfram syndrome